慈善募捐中隐私权保护的冲突与协调

慈善募捐会在信息披露、与慈善组织共享信息、与商业机构共享信息这三种情况下对捐赠人的隐私权造成侵害.这三种情况的法理基础与法律关系各不相同,其中信息披露牵涉捐赠人的隐私权、言论自由权与公众的知情权的冲突;与慈善组织共享信息,牵涉慈善组织经济利益与捐赠人隐私权的冲突;与商业机构共享信息,则涉及募捐方式的问题.目前,中国尚未有针对慈善募捐过程中捐赠者隐私保护的相关规则.该情况并不利于对捐赠人权益之保护,也不利于慈善行业之健康发展.因此,中国应尽快研究相关法律之创设,引入"明示/默示规则"等先进制度,并创设相关信息管理机关,以填补这一立法空白.同时,还应区分一次侵权与二次侵权,对于二次侵权,应引入二次侵权保护目录规则,并设立专门的隐私信息管理机关.     

基于共享发展的劳动力权法律保护——以劳动力市场变化为视角

在经济发展进入新常态、供给侧结构性改革展开之时,根据劳动力市场的变化,必须加强劳动力权的法律保护,即把过去重点保护劳动者就业与工资薪金收益的劳动力生产与再生产的权利,转变到重点保护劳动者的劳动力的发展与再发展的权利上来。劳动力的使用价值,本来就是价值的源泉和大于它自身价值的源泉,劳动者分享剩余具有正当性,也是其劳动力发展权的实现,对劳资双方合作共赢都有利。我们应当通过完善劳动法、公司法、有关再分配的法、教育制度和工会法等,来加强劳动力权的保护,不断提高劳动力的质量,使劳动力权人与财产权人实现共享发展,达到共同富裕。     

精准扶贫中农民争当贫困户的行为及其阐释——基于武汉近郊Q村的实地调查

国家精准扶贫的“资源输入”却遭遇农户“争当贫困户”的意外性后果,本文基于武汉市近郊Q村的调研发现：(1)面对国家精准扶贫的“资源输入”,一方面农民会有不服从社会章程的行为,另一方面他们在个人算计理应使他们采取其它行动时却循章而为。(2)农户“争当贫困户”并不是简单出于自利的考虑,而是多重因素共同影响的结果：首先,农户生计脆弱而又缺乏保障的客观现实为其行为提供了道义性,而国家保障和改善民生的制度理念以及投入的加大,为其行为提供合法性的同时也刺激了农户的行为;其次,在政策的具体实践过程中产生了瞄准目标偏离的现象,这激化了农户基于平均主义心态的社会不公感和相对剥夺感,而当农户的权利意识自觉时,农户出现“争当贫困户”的心态与行为。一个制度必须有一套相一致的理念来支撑,当下农村之所以出现“争夺贫困户”的现象,是国家的期望与农民的理念之间的存在难以弥合张力的表现。     

论专利权行政保护的正当性

作为贯穿于专利权保护的一项特色制度,专利权行政保护在中国专利权保护发展史上发挥了重要的作用。但随着专利权保护的发展,学界对于专利权行政保护的存废提出了不同看法。时逢专利法的第四次修改,有必要对专利权行政保护的正当性进行更深层的讨论。梳理近期相关学者关于专利权行政保护的重要论文,从私权属性、成本、效率三个角度进行分析,认为专利权行政保护的正当性是值得肯定的。     

论商品房消费者权益的法律保护

商品房消费者权益的专业复杂性、基本人权性、易受侵害性和国家干预性特征使其区别于一般消费者权益。商品房消费者权益的保护除了面临立法困境外,还存在司法保 障力度不强和行政监管薄弱等问题。为此必须将商品房消费者权益和普通消费者权益一样纳入《消费者权益保护法》保护,并拓宽其权利内容;通过修改相关司法解释,在商品房 消费者权益保护中进一步完善惩罚性赔偿制度;通过不动产登记制度、信息披露制度、广告预审制度、质量保险制度等相关制度设计,加强对房地产交易的法律监管;同时注重发 挥消费者保护组织的职能,实现对商品房消费者权益的全方位保护。     

火力发电企业离散决策及其对碳排放权价格影响

随着碳交易市场的建立,对于参与减排企业,如何制定合理的减排决策从而降低减排成本成为了一个重要问题。在有效市场下,参与减排企业的边际成本将直接影响碳排放权价格的走势。以往研究大多基于连续时间模型,运用动态优化原理解决此类问题。而事实上,企业的决策过程是离散的,这是由于碳排放权不能跨期交易,如果简单连续化会使得企业有过度减排的可能,与现实不符。基于此,本文以电力企业为例,运用动态优化方法,建立电力企业的离散减排决策模型,从而得出企业的最优边际减排成本,为政府调控碳排放权市场提供理论指导。为了验证模型,本文采用深圳碳排放权的相关实际数据进行数值模拟。研究表明,当企业做出离散减排决策时,企业的减排成本及边际减排成本与初始排放量、配额、单位惩罚成本、减排决策次数等因素相关。企业的离散决策会使得企业的边际减排成本波动加大,进而可能引起碳排放权市场的动荡,但企业的离散决策更有利于企业完成减排任务。     

Vulnerability in custody: perceptions and practices of police officers and criminal justice professionals in meeting the communication needs of offenders with learning disabilities and learning difficulties

Information provision and communication within the Criminal Justice System can be highly problematic for young people and adults with learning disabilities and difficulties. Paper-based communication is common, and is mandated for the provision of rights and entitlements in custody, but such communication can be poorly understood, potentially leading to miscarriages of justice. This article uses the piloting of a more accessible version of the rights and entitlements notice in custody to explore the communication practices with vulnerable detained persons from the perspectives of professionals within the Criminal Justice System. As a legally mandated text in a context heavily imbued with organisational power, the rights and entitlements notice in custody has sociological significance as a lens through which organisational practices, and understandings, can be examined. The stressful, fast-paced and transitional context of custody shapes communication and interaction in ways that are challenging for the detained person and also the professionals who support them.     

Public Support for International Human Rights Institutions: A Cross‐National and Multilevel Analysis

The expansion of international human rights institutions has drawn much attention. Bringing together theories from sociology, political science, and international law, this article examines what factors promote public support for international human rights institutions, using the recent wave of the World Values Survey data (2005–2008). The level of public support displays both cross‐national and cross‐individual variations, so I conceptualize it as a two‐level process and employ the multilevel modeling. At the individual level, it is found that men, younger people, and individuals with more education and income show a higher level of support. At the country level, national affluence, political change (de‐democratization), and linkage to the world society are associated with more support. I further integrate individual‐level characteristics and country‐level social contexts, and pay special attention to education. Education is the institutional link between macro‐level social influences and micro‐level individual attitudes. I find that the support‐promoting effect of education is contingent on social contexts. It is more salient in wealthy countries and countries with strong ties to the world society.     

Understanding the complex negotiations in fulfilling the right to independent living for disabled people

The independent living agenda has become dominated by a rights focus that has helped drive national-level shifts in setting norms and changing mind-sets. This paper is concerned with examining how rights are utilised by service providers in the process of facilitating independent living. Drawing on an empirical study of providers in Ireland, the paper identifies the strategies being used to put rights into practice. The findings show that in the process of creating a well-managed support arrangement for each individual, providers often take a delicate approach to using rights, and sometimes dilute their guiding principles when engaging in ongoing complex negotiations between individuals, families, staff and volunteers. The disabled people's movement can contribute to the shared learning required in enabling managers handle this process better, rather than solely rely on an abstract call for rights.     

Weighing the Public Interest in the Disclosure of Government Information

Disclosure of government information involves the interests of the applicant, third parties and the public. Both systems for assessment of the public interest and the lessening importance of the applicant’s qualifications make public interest the principal driver for disclosure of information. Exemptions to disclosure contain an implicit public interest. In conflicts between opposing interests over disclosure and non-disclosure, public interest is the key to balancing interests. Public interests supporting disclosure are related to such values as the right to know, democracy and public participation, whereas the interests supporting non-disclosure tend to be implicit in the exemptions to disclosure. Multiple interest entities and the two-sidedness of public interest increase the complexity of weighing the interests involved. Full and comprehensive analysis of interests and the exclusion of unrelated considerations are the premise for assessment of interests. Prioritizing the public interest and prioritizing openness are institutional values of the laws on disclosure of information and the fundamental principle for assessing interests.