论专利权行政保护的正当性

作为贯穿于专利权保护的一项特色制度,专利权行政保护在中国专利权保护发展史上发挥了重要的作用。但随着专利权保护的发展,学界对于专利权行政保护的存废提出了不同看法。时逢专利法的第四次修改,有必要对专利权行政保护的正当性进行更深层的讨论。梳理近期相关学者关于专利权行政保护的重要论文,从私权属性、成本、效率三个角度进行分析,认为专利权行政保护的正当性是值得肯定的。     

论商品房消费者权益的法律保护

商品房消费者权益的专业复杂性、基本人权性、易受侵害性和国家干预性特征使其区别于一般消费者权益。商品房消费者权益的保护除了面临立法困境外,还存在司法保 障力度不强和行政监管薄弱等问题。为此必须将商品房消费者权益和普通消费者权益一样纳入《消费者权益保护法》保护,并拓宽其权利内容;通过修改相关司法解释,在商品房 消费者权益保护中进一步完善惩罚性赔偿制度;通过不动产登记制度、信息披露制度、广告预审制度、质量保险制度等相关制度设计,加强对房地产交易的法律监管;同时注重发 挥消费者保护组织的职能,实现对商品房消费者权益的全方位保护。     

火力发电企业离散决策及其对碳排放权价格影响

随着碳交易市场的建立,对于参与减排企业,如何制定合理的减排决策从而降低减排成本成为了一个重要问题。在有效市场下,参与减排企业的边际成本将直接影响碳排放权价格的走势。以往研究大多基于连续时间模型,运用动态优化原理解决此类问题。而事实上,企业的决策过程是离散的,这是由于碳排放权不能跨期交易,如果简单连续化会使得企业有过度减排的可能,与现实不符。基于此,本文以电力企业为例,运用动态优化方法,建立电力企业的离散减排决策模型,从而得出企业的最优边际减排成本,为政府调控碳排放权市场提供理论指导。为了验证模型,本文采用深圳碳排放权的相关实际数据进行数值模拟。研究表明,当企业做出离散减排决策时,企业的减排成本及边际减排成本与初始排放量、配额、单位惩罚成本、减排决策次数等因素相关。企业的离散决策会使得企业的边际减排成本波动加大,进而可能引起碳排放权市场的动荡,但企业的离散决策更有利于企业完成减排任务。     

Vulnerability in custody: perceptions and practices of police officers and criminal justice professionals in meeting the communication needs of offenders with learning disabilities and learning difficulties

Information provision and communication within the Criminal Justice System can be highly problematic for young people and adults with learning disabilities and difficulties. Paper-based communication is common, and is mandated for the provision of rights and entitlements in custody, but such communication can be poorly understood, potentially leading to miscarriages of justice. This article uses the piloting of a more accessible version of the rights and entitlements notice in custody to explore the communication practices with vulnerable detained persons from the perspectives of professionals within the Criminal Justice System. As a legally mandated text in a context heavily imbued with organisational power, the rights and entitlements notice in custody has sociological significance as a lens through which organisational practices, and understandings, can be examined. The stressful, fast-paced and transitional context of custody shapes communication and interaction in ways that are challenging for the detained person and also the professionals who support them.     

Public Support for International Human Rights Institutions: A Cross‐National and Multilevel Analysis

The expansion of international human rights institutions has drawn much attention. Bringing together theories from sociology, political science, and international law, this article examines what factors promote public support for international human rights institutions, using the recent wave of the World Values Survey data (2005–2008). The level of public support displays both cross‐national and cross‐individual variations, so I conceptualize it as a two‐level process and employ the multilevel modeling. At the individual level, it is found that men, younger people, and individuals with more education and income show a higher level of support. At the country level, national affluence, political change (de‐democratization), and linkage to the world society are associated with more support. I further integrate individual‐level characteristics and country‐level social contexts, and pay special attention to education. Education is the institutional link between macro‐level social influences and micro‐level individual attitudes. I find that the support‐promoting effect of education is contingent on social contexts. It is more salient in wealthy countries and countries with strong ties to the world society.     

Understanding the complex negotiations in fulfilling the right to independent living for disabled people

The independent living agenda has become dominated by a rights focus that has helped drive national-level shifts in setting norms and changing mind-sets. This paper is concerned with examining how rights are utilised by service providers in the process of facilitating independent living. Drawing on an empirical study of providers in Ireland, the paper identifies the strategies being used to put rights into practice. The findings show that in the process of creating a well-managed support arrangement for each individual, providers often take a delicate approach to using rights, and sometimes dilute their guiding principles when engaging in ongoing complex negotiations between individuals, families, staff and volunteers. The disabled people's movement can contribute to the shared learning required in enabling managers handle this process better, rather than solely rely on an abstract call for rights.     

Weighing the Public Interest in the Disclosure of Government Information

Disclosure of government information involves the interests of the applicant, third parties and the public. Both systems for assessment of the public interest and the lessening importance of the applicant’s qualifications make public interest the principal driver for disclosure of information. Exemptions to disclosure contain an implicit public interest. In conflicts between opposing interests over disclosure and non-disclosure, public interest is the key to balancing interests. Public interests supporting disclosure are related to such values as the right to know, democracy and public participation, whereas the interests supporting non-disclosure tend to be implicit in the exemptions to disclosure. Multiple interest entities and the two-sidedness of public interest increase the complexity of weighing the interests involved. Full and comprehensive analysis of interests and the exclusion of unrelated considerations are the premise for assessment of interests. Prioritizing the public interest and prioritizing openness are institutional values of the laws on disclosure of information and the fundamental principle for assessing interests.     

论网络广播组织权利的法律保护

网络广播是信息技术革命的新产物，为了防止盗播行为，国际社会正在考虑对网络广播组织的权利给予法律保护。但具体如何保护争议很大。我国应当分阶段来解决该问题。合理授予网络广播组织的权利。并给以适当的权利限制．以使网络广播组织的利益与社会公众的利益保持适当的平衡。具体可以分两个阶段进行保护：第一阶段即现有阶段。我国网络产业还刚刚起步．不宜将网络广播组织纳入广播组织权的主体范围并给予其邻接权保护；第二阶段．当国际公约已明确对网络广播组织邻接权予以保护时。我国也可以根据本国网络产业发展状况。逐步给予网络广播组织一定程度的保护。     

刑法的人权蕴涵及民权刑法观的倡导

无论是人权的理论根基还是刑法（罚）的基础价值,都不可能脱离伦理性内涵予以构建,这决定了二者存在密不可分的相关性。刑法（罚）既要保障人权又要充分防卫社会的功能性追求,决定了伦理基础是人权和刑法价值共同的根本。     

Maturing Gay Men

Abstract

Two time-limited groups were offered for gay men age 40 and over. From pre-group interviews a list of interest areas was constructed. Interpersonal relations with other gay men emerged as the primary concern. In an effort to describe and organize the concerns group members expressed about their relationships, a model based on the work of Bell and Weinberg and the ethnographic work of Evelyn Hooker was developed. The model is a typology consisting of three dominant sociosexual interactive fields: the Sexual Market Field, the Primary Relationship Field and the Social Network