Beyond conventional wisdom: community cultural wealth and the college knowledge of African American youth in the United States

African American youth are generally as likely as their peers from other racial and ethnic groups to aspire to earn a college degree; yet, in spite of their aspirations these students remain under-represented in college enrollment and graduation. Part of the disparity between these students’ aspirations and the realization of their goals may lie in their minimal college knowledge and nominal participation in postsecondary preparatory activities that have frequently been caused by the historic, and ongoing, systematic disenfranchisement of African Americans. During interviews, college students reflected on how similarly-aged family members, peers, co-workers, and parishioners assisted with various aspects of college preparation and enrollment. The community cultural wealth framework helps us understand the reason for, and importance of, this ‘lateral mentorship’ in the fulfillment of these students’ college aspirations. Consequently, educators and educational systems are challenged to be more responsive to the college preparatory needs of traditionally under-represented college-going populations.     

Assistant professors of color confront the inequitable terrain of academia: a community cultural wealth perspective

Abstract

This qualitative study adopted Yosso’s community cultural wealth (CCW) framework to examine how 16 assistant professors of color (APOC) drew upon various forms of capital (navigational, aspirational, social, resistant, linguistic, familial) to deal with racism and marginalization in academia. Findings revealed how APOC: dealt with students’ stereotypes of them, maintained their authentic selves to make academia more accessible and relevant, persevered with integrity despite hostility or marginalization, self-advocated for quality mentorship, and engaged in strategic service while avoiding cultural taxation and tokenism. Findings highlighted the positive cultural assets APOC enact within the academy while reiterating the need to address racist and marginalizing policies and practices in higher education. Variations in experiences based on gender and international status that can be explored further in future research also emerged. Working at a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) also did not eliminate or lessen racist or marginalizing experiences for participants.     

中国古代贫富差别思想述评

中国古代思想家对贫富差别原因的分析较为全面,其中有些观点不乏理论深度.关于国家应对贫富差别的职能定位和缩小贫富差别的诉求,显示了文化理性和道德力量.历史上的富民主张是我们今天发展市场经济的可贵思想资源.在治理贫富差别的政策设计和思想方法上,传统观念存在着妨碍经济秩序自然扩展的不足.     

The concept and measurement of asset poverty: Levels, trends and composition for the U.S., 1983–2001

American prosperity in the second half of the 1980s together with the booming economy of the 1990s created the impression that American households have done well, particularly in terms of wealth acquisition. In this paper, we develop the concept of asset poverty as a measure of economic hardship, distinct from and complementary to the more commonly used concept of income poverty. We define a household with insufficient assets to enable it to meet basic needs (as measured by the income poverty line) for a period of three months to be asset poor. The results reveal that in the face of the large growth in overall assets in the U.S. and a fall in standard income poverty over the period from 1983 to 2001, the level of asset poverty increased from 22.4 to 24.5 percent.We also find that asset poverty rates for blacks and Hispanics are over twice those for whites; that asset poverty rates fall monotonically with both age and education; that they are much higher for renters than homeowners; and that by family type they range from a low of 5 percent for elderly couples to 71 percent for female single parents.     

试析我国股票市场的财富效应

在全面综述财富效应的基础上,运用因素分析法,探讨了我国股票市场的财富效应,认为我国股票市场财富效应非常微弱,所以,不应以股票市场财富效应为依据来加快形成货币政策的股票市场传导渠道。     

“美国梦”释译

"美国梦"是理解美国文化的一个重要因素.关于"美国梦"的内涵,长期以来,学术界有不同的定义.尽管说法不一,但却有其共同点,那就是"美国梦"可分为广义和狭义两个方面来理解.从广义的方面来讲,"美国梦"指的是作为"民主、平等、自由"的国家理想;从狭义的方面来讲,它指的是个人通过自我奋斗而获得成功的梦想."美国梦"实际上是一种梦幻的理想.     

从财富分配到风险分配：中国社会结构重组的一种新路径

在开放社会背景下,推动社会结构重组的力量是多样的,不同力量对社会结构的影响各不相同,它们的相互重叠和冲突,使社会结构变得异常复杂。改革开放三十年来,有关我国社会结构的社会学研究主要是基于财富分配逻辑而进行的阶级阶层分析,在研究方法上以民族国家为基础并侧重于从经济关系看问题。本文认为,到21世纪初,风险社会作为对中国社会结构产生关键性影响的另一种力量开始崛起。一方面,风险的弥散性和普遍性使得跨越阶级、阶层、职业、性别、信仰和种族而进行全社会动员成为可能,从新的角度和新的范围带动公民社会的生产;另一方面,具体风险的分布又在一定程度上同阶级、阶层的分化同构,强化后者的分化。同时,风险的利用还可能成为生产新的社会冲突的动力。财富分配逻辑与风险分配逻辑在中国语境下的互动将使中国社会结构在新世纪出现一种新的趋势。     

股价变化对消费影响的实证分析

如何扩大我国居民的有效需求一直是各界普遍关注的问题。运用1999年1月到2003年12月的月度数据,采用生命周期模型对股价变化对消费的影响进行了实证分析。结果表明,股价变化对消费具有显著的影响,我国股票市场确实存在财富效应。运用扩展的生命周期模型,我们进一步证实了我国居民消费存在明显的误差修正行为。由于居民消费对财富变化的调整是渐进的,所以要充分发挥股市对需求的拉动作用,必须持续采取积极的股市政策。     

An asset-building agenda for the twenty-first century: giving families something to live for

Though studies have clearly illustrated that education is one of the primary paths to upward mobility, a growing body of research is beginning to show that the returns on education are determined more by initial wealth than innate ability and exerted effort in school. This accounting directly contradicts Americans’ understanding of the promise of the American Dream: a level playing field and a path towards a more prosperous future. Currently, this contradiction goes largely unchecked by researchers because of their reluctance to engage in a discussion about values. As a result, the mere discussion of wealth transfer, a policy about thriving, is seen as taboo, and we are left with conversations about how to provide the poor with enough merely to survive. However, in this paper, the conversation about wealth transfer is revived and articulated as an American idea consistent with American values. It goes on to offer Children’s Savings Accounts, in combination with a substantial progressive wealth transfer into these accounts, as a means of leveling the playing field and restoring education as an equalizer in society.     

Household Budgets as a Social Indicator of Poverty and Inequality in South Africa

In the absence of a universally accepted method of calculating poverty, household expenditure can be used to provide an indication of inequality of wealth and serve as an indicator of poverty. Household expenditure comprises expenditure of private households on goods and services, irrespective of their durability. The portion of household budgets allocated to different types of goods and services provides an indication of the material standard of living of a population. The article discusses different definitions of poverty and compares the state of poverty according to these definitions in selected countries. This is followed by an analysis of South Africa’s economic position in the world and a comparison of the household budgets and demographic profile of South African households that fall into different income groups in order to identify the differences between the poorest and the wealthiest households in South Africa. Income inequality in South Africa is further elucidated by means of the Gini coefficient. A comparison is also made between the household budgets of the poorest households with the minimum financial living level requirements in South Africa to maintain their health and have acceptable standards of hygiene and sufficient clothing for their needs.