Trust and Estate Planning: The Emergence of a Profession and Its Contribution to Socioeconomic Inequality1

This article offers a new perspective on the connection between socioeconomic inequality and occupations by examining the impact of trust and estate planners on global wealth stratification. While many studies treat the professions as mirrors of inequalities in their environments, this article looks at the ways professionals participate in the creation of stratification regimes. Trust and estate planners do this by sheltering their clients' assets from taxation, thereby preserving private wealth for future generations. Using tools such as trusts, offshore banks, and shell corporations, these professionals keep a significant portion of the world’s private wealth beyond the reach of the state. Trust and estate planning thus contributes to creating and maintaining socioeconomic inequality on a global scale. The significance of the profession has grown as wealth itself has become more fungible, spurring innovation in legal, organizational, and financial strategies, and thwarting a myriad of laws and policies designed to limit enduring inequality in modern, democratic societies.     

Economics,psychotherapy and politics

The paper explores the application of ideas derived from psychotherapy to questions of economic and social policy. It is argued that disputes concerning human nature underlie many debates on economic theory. Class is reviewed from internal and emotional perspectives. Psychological obstacles to the achievement of economic inequality are explored and ways of overcoming them critically discussed. Particular attention is paid to the operation of economic sadism in the behaviour of individuals and societies. A range of possible gender differences in relation to money is reviewed. Inherited wealth is explored from the perspective of ‘therapy thinking’. The paper proposes that we reconsider what is deemed to be realistic and what is deemed to be (hopelessly) idealistic in thinking about economics. The paper concludes by proposing a deeper discussion of the problematic of sacrifice in connection with sustainable economics.     

论市场竞争法通则的创制——以确认、设定和保护市场竞争力权为核心

市场经济是以社会化生产为基础的交易竞争型经济。竞争法在市场经济中发挥着重要的作用，但由于市场经济的发展和现有竞争法的局限性，导致了竞争法制的不统一和调整市场竞争关系社会效果不显著，因此需要制定一部规制市场竞争行为的基本法律——市场竞争法通则，以解决当前市场竞争中存在的问题。市场竞争法通则以确认设定和保护市场竞争力权为核心，并贯彻市场竞争力自由发展、市场竞争自由和共同发展权绝对原则。     

Separate and Unequal: The Housing Act of 1968 and the Section 235 Program

In recent years scholars have identified racial disparities in wealth and home ownership as crucial factors underlying patterns of racial inequality and residential segregation in American metropolitan housing markets. While numerous federal housing policies have been identified as responsible for reinforcing residential segregation and racial inequalities in home ownership, little research has focused on the segregative effects of the Section 235 program. As one component of the 1968 Housing Act, Section 235 was designed to shift the focus of federal housing policy away from dispensing aid to local housing authorities for building public housing to providing direct supply-side subsidies to the private sector to stimulate home ownership for nonwhites and the poor. Archival and census data, government reports and housing analyses, and oral histories and interviews are used to examine the segregative effects of the Section 235 program in Kansas City, Missouri from 1969 through the early 1970s. Findings indicate that while the housing subsidy program allowed a vast majority of participating white families to purchase new housing in suburban areas, most participating African American families purchased existing homes located in racially transitional neighborhoods in the inner city. These findings corroborate recent research showing how the market-centered focus of federal housing policy has impaired the ability of African Americans to accumulate wealth through home ownership and reinforced racially segregative housing patterns.     

咯论梨园行的招财习俗

戏曲在财神信仰中扮演着重要的作用。这可从两个方面来考察，一是看其如何“代”财神向俗民“送”财，一是作为财神信仰的信士之一，梨园行是如何招财的。梨园行的招财习俗较之其它俗民来说，更有行业性特点，方式也更为多样。其招财方式主要有：供财神为自己行业的保护神，迎财神、迎喜神等。     

论股东财富与利益相关者价值的最大化

长期以来,作为公司的目标,是利益相关者价值最大化还是股东财富最大化,在公司发展历程的不同阶段交替主导着企业。同时,它们也始终是经济界、法律界和实务界以及社会团体颇具争议的话题。是否它们就是非此及彼的、不能相互兼容?分析两种观点的渊源及其理论支撑,能从深层面更完整的评价其存在的合理性。在现有的法律框架下,以效率为出发点,可以把管理者引向更加关注公司的长期市场价值。     

并购重组公告的短期财富效应研究——基于投资者有限注意的视角

基于投资者有限注意这一独特视角,实证研究了公司并购重组公告诱发的短期财富效应.研究结果表明:公告日前后,主并公司股票因不同投资者有限注意程度的不同而存在短期财富效应,且越临近公告日,短期财富效应越显著;同时,投资者自身注意力分散程度的周历分布特征会引起主并公司短期财富效应的周历变动,上市公司管理层也会据此对并购重组公告进行择机发布,导致财富效应周历变动更为显著;然而,投资者对上市公司特征关注的有限性,加剧了市场对并购重组的过度反应,提升了短期财富效应.因此,监管机构应当建立和完善重大信息披露机制,加强对投资者的教育和价值投资引导,而上市公司应当建立有效的内控制度,提高信息的透明度、真实性与及时性.     

股东筛选、财富转移与投资者保护——管理层收购在中国的困境与出路

MBO在中国的发展遇到了两股相反的力量,国有企业改革的股东筛选行动要求进行MBO,而由于国有产权的代表体系不健全和完备定价机制的缺乏,又使MBO有成为国有资产流失通道的危险,MBO在中国陷入了困境。本文在总结既有理论的基础上提出了解释MBO和该困境的新框架,认为投资者保护水平是决定MBO成为财富转移手段还是效率提高通道的关键。突破MBO在中国的困境就需要大力提高投资者保护水平,这应从明晰产权、建立完善的投资者权利救济制度和完备的定价机制三个方面入手,进而促进MBO的健康发展。     

《论语》中孔子的经济思想初探

在《论语》中孔子明确地肯定了追求物质利益,占有更多的财富以改善自己的物质和精神生活条件,是人的本性。每个人都渴望富足的生活,弃卑贱的生活。其经济思想包括:“胜残”、“去杀”;“节用”、“爱人”;“轻徭”、“薄赋”;宁弃“利”而勿弃“义”。     

关于按生产要素分配的几点理论思考

按生产要素分配有其客观必然性 ,并不违背劳动价值论 ,也不会陷入萨伊“三位一体”公式 ,虽有剥削存在 ,但利大于弊。因此 ,要解放思想 ,坚持生产力标准 ,进一步完善社会主义初级阶段的分配制度。