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131.
Carry van Lieshout Harry Smith Piero Montebruno Robert J. Bennett 《Social history》2013,38(4):440-468
ABSTRACTThis article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman’s life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family. 相似文献
132.
Nagihan mez Kathryn E. Stecke Metin akanyldrm 《Production and Operations Management》2012,21(2):378-395
We study a centralized inventory sharing system of two retailers that are replenished periodically. Between two replenishments, a unit can be transshipped to a stocked‐out retailer from the other. It arrives a transshipment time later, during which the stocked‐out retailer incurs backorder cost. Without transshipment, backorder cost is incurred until the next replenishment. Since the transshipment time is shorter than the time between two replenishments, transshipments can reduce the backorder cost at the stocked‐out retailer and the holding costs at the other retailer. The system is directed by a centralized inventory manager, who minimizes the long‐run average cost consisting of replenishment, holding, backorder, and transshipment costs. The transshipment policy is characterized by hold‐back inventory levels, which are nonincreasing in the remaining time until the next replenishment. The transshipment policy differs from those in the literature because we allow for multiple transshipments between replenishments, positive transshipment times, and backorder costs. We also discuss the challenges associated with positive replenishment time and develop upper and lower bounds of average cost in this case. Bounds are numerically shown to have an average gap of 1.1%. A heuristic solution is based on the upper bound and differs from the optimal cost by at most this gap. 相似文献
133.
Daron Acemoglu Vasco M. Carvalho Asuman Ozdaglar Alireza Tahbaz‐Salehi 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2012,80(5):1977-2016
This paper argues that, in the presence of intersectoral input–output linkages, microeconomic idiosyncratic shocks may lead to aggregate fluctuations. We show that, as the economy becomes more disaggregated, the rate at which aggregate volatility decays is determined by the structure of the network capturing such linkages. Our main results provide a characterization of this relationship in terms of the importance of different sectors as suppliers to their immediate customers, as well as their role as indirect suppliers to chains of downstream sectors. Such higher‐order interconnections capture the possibility of “cascade effects” whereby productivity shocks to a sector propagate not only to its immediate downstream customers, but also to the rest of the economy. Our results highlight that sizable aggregate volatility is obtained from sectoral idiosyncratic shocks only if there exists significant asymmetry in the roles that sectors play as suppliers to others, and that the “sparseness” of the input–output matrix is unrelated to the nature of aggregate fluctuations. 相似文献
134.
在系统总结国内外相关文献的基础上,设计了基于PDCA循环的供应链视角下物流客户服务绩效评价流程,并针对每个流程给出了控制重点,旨在通过对绩效评价流程的规范管理,不断提高物流客户服务绩效和供应链整体绩效水平。在绩效评价方案设计环节提出了给予供应链整体绩效提升的物流客户服务绩效评价方法和指标体系,在绩效评价方案实施环节给出了应用模糊层次分析法选择物流服务商的步骤。 相似文献
135.
本文利用2001年秘鲁国家统计和信息局第三期家庭抽样调查数据,运用Logistic回归,分析了在秘鲁城市中,人口、经济和教育变量是如何影响女性劳动参与的.并且将首都利马和利马以外的其他地区加以区分来进行分析。研究结果表明在秘鲁城市范围内.女性劳动参与随着女性生命周期的变化出现了很明确的模式;生育、婚姻状况、与家长的关系、接受高等教育(指硕士及以上和培训)明显地影响女性劳动参与。在首都利马和其他地区的大部分影响方向很类似。但是在首都利马的影响程度要大一些。 相似文献
136.
近年来,中国汽车保有量急剧增加,有相当数量的汽车进入“老年期”,急需规范管理、利用、回收汽车的渠道。然而,目前我国没有相应标准和规范,废旧汽车回收利用还没有引起全社会足够的关注和重视。文章结合我国汽车产业发展现状和回收废弃物物流的相关理论,在循环经济5R原则的指导下,通过优化汽车循环利用物流模型而提高资源的再利用率、减少原材料和能源的浪费,构建了汽车循环利用物流模型及其信息系统模型,并提出该模型实施的保障措施。 相似文献
137.
138.
自2006年以来,我国的资产泡沫严重,研究发现资产价格上涨预期是诱发短期国际资本流动冲击的一个重要因素,严重时会产生金融市场危机风险。基于这样的背景,通过引入资产价格波动变量,修正了Flood引入随机风险溢价的KFG理论模型,分析中国短期国际资本流动触发机制,探究资产价格波动对短期国际资本流动的作用机制。并以此为基础分析中国现有宏观政策对短期国际资本流动风险的作用和政策效果,提出减少投机性国际短期资本流动合理化的政策建议。 相似文献
139.
吕青 《沈阳建筑工程学院学报(社会科学版)》2011,(3):303-306
运用资金的时间价值原理,采用现金流量分析及财务评价方法,在一定水平的节能技术前提下,以建筑生命周期(施工期2a,运营期48a)为评价期,建立装配式建筑经济评价体系模型,从经济角度论述装配式节能建筑实施的可行性,为推广建筑产业化发展提供基础数据。 相似文献
140.
We develop an integrated/hybrid optimization model for configuring new products’ supply chains while explicitly considering the impact of demand dynamics during new products’ diffusion. The hybrid model simultaneously determines optimal production/sales plan and supply chain configuration. The production and sales plan provides decisions on the optimal timing to launch a new product, as well as the production and sales quantity in each planning period. The supply chain configuration provides optimal selection of options and safety stock level kept at each supply chain function. Extensive computational experiments on randomly generated testbed problems indicate that the hybrid modeling and solution approach significantly outperforms non-hybrid alternative modeling and solution approaches under various diffusion and supply chain topologies. We provide insights on optimal production/sales plan and supply chain configuration for new products during their diffusion process. Also, managerial implications relevant to effectiveness of the hybrid approach are discussed. 相似文献