论春秋战国时期兵学中的朴素唯物辩证思想

春秋战国时期兵学中的朴素唯物辩证思想渊源于夏、商、周,这一时期出现的《军政》《军志》《令典》等兵书和集三代兵学思想之大成者姜望的思想中的朴素唯物辩证思想已开始萌芽。春秋战国时期出现的《孙子》《吴子》《孙膑兵法》《尉缭子》和《司马法》等兵书继承和发展了夏、商、周时期兵学中的朴素唯物辩证思想,展现出丰富的内容:一是依据战争中的客观因素及其矛盾去认识战争指导原则和发展规律,强调“知己知彼,百战不殆”;二是重视发挥人的主观能动性,强调在战争中要观形察势、因变治变;三是论述了战争中文与武、军事斗争与政治斗争之间的辩证关系,强调文德与武备并重、政略与战略结合等。这些朴素唯物辩证思想至今仍有现实指导意义。     

汉族风俗演变规律论——汉族风俗研究之三（连载）

汉族风俗在上下五千年的会承变异的过程中,形成了由野而文、俭奢互变、汉胡相杂、礼俗互动的演变规律.     

浅议毛泽东诗词中的比喻

毛泽东同志在其诗词中，巧妙地运用了大量比喻，从而使诗词熠熠生辉。文章就其比喻的结构、运用比喻的特点以及运用比喻所起的作用进行了探讨。     

李萨茹图形的几种实验方法

李萨茹图形在频率测量中有重要作用,本文总结了李萨茹图形的三种实验方法和特点,并简单介绍其应用.     

Stochastic models of failure in random environments

Stochastic models of failure modes of frequent occurrence in the engineering sciences are considered. The failure-producing stress environment is modelled as a stationary stochastic process. Using theoretical properties of the sample paths of these processes, failure-time distributions which belong to the Birnbaum-Saunders family are obtained. Several examples of particular engineering relevance are treated.     

Estimation of the population mean and median using truncation-based ranked set samples

In this paper, a new sampling method is suggested, namely truncation-based ranked set samples (TBRSS) for estimating the population mean and median. The suggested method is compared with the simple random sampling (SRS), ranked set sampling (RSS), extreme ranked set sampling (ERSS) and median-ranked set sampling (MRSS) methods. It is shown that for estimating the population mean when the underlying distribution is symmetric, TBRSS estimator is unbiased and it is more efficient than the SRS estimator based on the same number of measured units. For asymmetric distributions considered in this study, TBRSS estimator is more efficient than the SRS for all considered distributions except for exponential distribution when the selection coefficient gets large. When compared with ERSS and MRSS methods, TBRSS performs well with respect to ERSS for all considered distributions except for U(0, 1) distribution, while TBRSS efficiency is higher than that of MRSS for U(0, 1) distribution. For estimating the population median, the TBRSS estimators have higher efficiencies when compared with SRS and ERSS. A real data set is used to illustrate the suggested method.     

The impact of a preliminary test for interaction in a 2 × 2 factorial trial

Preliminary tests of significance on the crucial assumptions are often done before drawing inferences of primary interest. In a factorial trial, the data may be pooled across the columns or rows for making inferences concerning the efficacy of the drugs {simple effect) in the absence of interaction. Pooling the data has an advantage of higher power due to larger sample size. On the other hand, in the presence of interaction, such pooling may seriously inflate the type I error rate in testing for the simple effect.

A preliminary test for interaction is therefore in order. If this preliminary test is not significant at some prespecified level of significance, then pool the data for testing the efficacy of the drugs at a specified α level. Otherwise, use of the corresponding cell means for testing the efficacy of the drugs at the specified α is recommended. This paper demonstrates that this adaptive procedure may seriously inflate the overall type I error rate. Such inflation happens even in the absence of interaction.

One interesting result is that the type I error rate of the adaptive procedure depends on the interaction and the square root of the sample size only through their product. One consequence of this result is as follows. No matter how small the non-zero interaction might be, the inflation of the type I error rate of the always-pool procedure will eventually become unacceptable as the sample size increases. Therefore, in a very large study, even though the interaction is suspected to be very small but non-zero, the always-pool procedure may seriously inflate the type I error rate in testing for the simple effects.

It is concluded that the 2 × 2 factorial design is not an efficient design for detecting simple effects, unless the interaction is negligible.     

论俄语简单动词谓语的繁化形式

俄语中简单动词谓语的繁化形式是非母语学生难以理解和掌握的语法点之一。因此,俄语研究和教学中要特别注意动词+动词、动词+名词、动词+副词、语气词+动词等几种类型的简单动词谓语的繁化形式。     

Potential and ‘Power of a Collectivity to Act’<Superscript>*</Superscript>

This paper connects two notions: Hart and Mas-Colell’s ‘potential’, related to the value of coalitional games, and Coleman’s earlier notion of ‘power of a collectivity to act’, related to the easiness to make decisions by means of a voting rule. ^*This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología under project BEC2000-0875, and by the Universidad del País Vasco under project UPV/EHU000031.321-HA-7918/2000. The first author acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología under the Ramón y Cajal programme.