污染场地修复的行为责任和状态责任

根据多个国家和台湾地区的立法例,污染场地修复私人责任主体包括污染者和污染场地权利人.行政机关基于及时且有效修复污染场地的目的,有权命令污染场地权利人承担修复责任,污染场地权利人担责后可以向污染者追偿.污染者是终局责任人,其基础是因果关系和与人的连接,属于行为责任,体现污染者负担原则.污染场地权利人在时间上往往作为第一责任人,其基础是对场地的管领力和对物的连接,属于状态责任,体现场地控制者负担原则.污染者负担是首要的,场地控制者负担是补充性的,在适用污染者负担原则存在困难情况下,适用场地控制者负担原则.     

Extrapolation of Carcinogenicity Between Species: Qualitative and Quantitative Factors

Prediction of human cancer risk from the results of rodent bioassays requires two types of extrapolation: a qualitative extrapolation from short-lived rodent species to long-lived humans, and a quantitative extrapolation from near-toxic doses in the bioassay to low-level human exposures. Experimental evidence on the accuracy of prediction between closely related species tested under similar experimental conditions (rats, mice, and hamsters) indicates that: (1) if a chemical is positive in one species, it will be positive in the second species about 75% of the time; however, since about 50% of test chemicals are positive in each species, by chance alone one would expect a predictive value between species of about 50%. (2) If a chemical induces tumors in a particular target organ in one species, it will induce tumors in the same organ in the second species about 50% of the time. Similar predictive values are obtained in an analysis of prediction from humans to rats or from humans to mice for known human carcinogens. Limitations of bioassay data for use in quantitative extrapolation are discussed, including constraints on both estimates of carcinogenic potency and of the dose-response in experiments with only two doses and a control. Quantitative extrapolation should be based on an understanding of mechanisms of carcinogenesis, particularly mitogenic effects that are present at high and not low doses.     

罗田古村的民居风格与启迪--江西古村落群建筑特色研究之一

南昌市安义县罗田古村有1 200余年的建村历史.此处豪宅何以经久不衰?主要取决于该古村的选址及进、排水系统布置得当,其民居风格独特,其建筑构造处理科学.这些古村民居给我们的启迪是巧妙地引水入村并将进、排水沟与村间道路合为一体;民居以青石板勒脚,村间道路亦铺之以青石板;民居坐落灵活,房屋以堂厅带天井为中心而建,这都有利于民居的长久独存.     

中美法核电厂选址政策比较分析

我国内陆核电站正处于重启阶段,科学完善的核电厂选址政策和程序是保证核电厂安全运行的第一道屏障。法国和美国是两个最具典型的拥有丰富内陆核电站选址和运行经验的国家,比较分析中美法核电厂选址政策的演化过程以及选址的一般程序,可看出美国拥有更完善的核安全体系结构,而法国却有着便捷的审批程序;最后结合我国具体国情,给出适合我国内陆核电站选址政策的建议和未来发展方向。     

国家考古遗址公园公众感知度提升策略研究——以大明宫国家遗址公园为例

国家考古遗址公园是遗产地保护与传承领域日趋成熟的模式,是公众感知享用的重要场所,阐释与展示则是合理引导公众感知、欣赏并保护遗产地的重要技术手段,两个概念并举强调从过去单纯注重遗址形态和价值的拓展到遗产地精神的挖掘,并进而重视公众的感知及参与。通过网络文本分析方法,以大明宫国家遗址公园为实证研究对象,探索公众对国家考古遗址公园感知特点及规律。研究发现,大明宫国家遗址公园的科研、游憩和教育功能虽得到有效发挥,但因阐释与展示的不足而导致公众感知遗产地核心价值的效果不佳; 基于此,从“点-线-面-场”的逻辑关系提出构建阐释与展示主题框架、设置多维游憩线路丰富阐释与展示形式、架构复合型阐释与展示系统、创新阐释与展示传播方式等策略,提升国家考古遗址公园的公众感知度。     

Risk Perception in Context: The Savannah River Site Stakeholder Study

Environmental managers are increasingly charged with involving the public in the development and modification of policies regarding risks to human health and the environment. Involving the public in environmental decision making first requires a broad understanding of how and why the public perceives various risks. The Savannah River Stakeholder Study was conducted with the purpose of investigating individual, economic, and social characteristics of risk perceptions among those living near the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site. A number of factors were found to impact risk perceptions among those living near the site. One's estimated proximity to the site and relative river location surfaced as strong determinants of risk perceptions among SRS residents. Additionally, living in a quality neighborhood and demonstrating a willingness to accept health risks for economic gain strongly abated heightened risk perceptions.The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP)The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP)The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP)     

园林景观的设计策略

从空间的秩序性、尺度的适宜性、视觉的艺术性、环境的生态性和场所的包容性五个方面探讨了园林景观设计师在实践创作研究时应该关注的问题。通过对这些策略的解读，为园林景观设计师们提供一个宽泛的思想平台：拓宽他们的思维视野，使他们能够更加清晰、更加准确地介入设计需要考虑的各个方面，有的放矢地进行园林景观的创作研究。     

公司、企业外设经营场所的登记问题

公司、企业在其住所之外,还可以有其他的经营场所。有些公司、企业在其住所及分支机构之外另设或增设生产车间、销售网点或其他经营场所。其中有的构成公司、企业的分支机构,而对公司、企业外设的不以自身名义对外经营的经营场所的登记,应与公司、企业的住所及分支机构登记有所区别,而在有关方面也应加以完善。     

返回“历史现场”：《当代文学》课程教学的有效途径

由于时间与空间的遥远陌生,学生对＂当代文学＂普遍怀有严重的＂隔离感＂,并影响到教学的有效性。本文认为消除这种＂隔离感＂的途径之一是努力返回到＂历史现场＂,并从三方面进行了论述：一是打通文学内部研究与外部研究的关系,避免文学评价中的简约化、简单化倾向;二是注重文化体制对文学的制约作用,考察其如何影响到作家的心态与创造活动;三是善于发现作品结构上的＂缝隙＂,并追究造成这种缝隙的复杂因素。这样,才能使学生贴近文学发展的脉络,真切感受到文学产生的时代＂气场＂,增强分析文学现象与文学作品的历史意识。     

DOS工作站登录到NT服务器的环境设置

根据WindowsNTserver4．0下工作站配置的基本原理,介绍在Windows95/98的命令下（DOS）登录到NT服务器的服务器端和工作站工作环境的设置。