A more powerful unconditional exact test of homogeneity for 2 × c contingency table analysis

The classical unconditional exact p-value test can be used to compare two multinomial distributions with small samples. This general hypothesis requires parameter estimation under the null which makes the test severely conservative. Similar property has been observed for Fisher's exact test with Barnard and Boschloo providing distinct adjustments that produce more powerful testing approaches. In this study, we develop a novel adjustment for the conservativeness of the unconditional multinomial exact p-value test that produces nominal type I error rate and increased power in comparison to all alternative approaches. We used a large simulation study to empirically estimate the 5th percentiles of the distributions of the p-values of the exact test over a range of scenarios and implemented a regression model to predict the values for two-sample multinomial settings. Our results show that the new test is uniformly more powerful than Fisher's, Barnard's, and Boschloo's tests with gains in power as large as several hundred percent in certain scenarios. Lastly, we provide a real-life data example where the unadjusted unconditional exact test wrongly fails to reject the null hypothesis and the corrected unconditional exact test rejects the null appropriately.     

Do public relations practitioners perceptually share ingroup affiliation with journalists?

Upwards of 200 studies over the past hundred years have reported on the relationship between public relations practitioners and journalists. However, no experiment has compared the group members’ perceptions when seeing their roles in action. Inspired by frameworks of social identity theory, intergroup deception, and the black sheep effect, we test how public relations practitioners and journalists respond to a crisis communication media interview. In our experiment, a company spokesperson either answers questions or engages in stereotypical “spin,” which journalists historically consider one of the most offensive public relations strategies. Results indicate that public relations practitioners align with journalists in their perceptions of a spokesperson’s trustworthiness and the organization’s trustworthiness across treatment conditions. Practitioners also manifest the black sheep effect, disliking their group representative engaging in deception. Furthermore, we explore whether the effects on perceptions of trustworthiness are moderated by psychological identification with their respective industry. Discussion concerns the theoretical and practical ramifications of the groups sharing ingroup affiliation, contrary to prevailing notions of acrimony.     

Explaining Italian “exceptionalism” and its end: Minimum income from neglect to hyper-politicization

Traditionally at the margins of the political debate, minimum income protection has recently become a key issue in Italian politics. After decades of social and political “neglect” letting Italy the only European country (with Greece) still lacking an anti-poverty minimum income safety net in the 2010s, finally a national programme called Inclusion Income was introduced in 2018, then replaced by a more robustly financed scheme, the Citizenship Income in 2019. The introduction of these new programmes was the object of an intense political debate, which raises two main puzzles. Why a policy field characterized by the low political resources of would be beneficiaries and low incidence on the overall welfare budget has become so important in the political debate? How did it occur in Italy, where minimum income protection had been absent in political discourses for at least five decades after World War II? To answer these questions, this article first elaborates a novel theoretical framework which combines the main properties of socio-political demand and political supply in order to explain the scope and direction of minimum income reforms. Second, it provides an analytically oriented reconstruction of MIS policy trajectory in Italy in the three different phases: the phase of MIS “neglect” (1948–1992) characterized by inertia; the period of political “contentiousness” (1993–2012), marked by attempts of path departure followed by policy reversals; the more recent phase leading to the introduction and institutionalization of a MIS. Third, the article provides a theoretically framed interpretation of the overall MIS trajectory in Italy.     

小角前向散射测粒仪光电探测元件的对中问题

利用经典Ｍｉｅ散射理论,讨论了小角向散射激光测粒仪光电探测器中问题导致的测量误差;提出了一种对中误计算模型,据此进行模拟计算,并对计算结果进行了分析 。     

Dependency or Self-Reliance? The Contradictory Case of Work in UK Small Business Families

The focus of this article is a relatively neglected area of social and family policy: its relationship with small business. Economic policy makers have encouraged enterprise, particularly in the form of small business, as a solution to problems of competitiveness and economic growth. The article uncovers what an enterprise culture actually means for some of those families who first embarked upon business ownership in the 1980s in the UK Using data from a qualitative study, it contends that, in contradiction to the enterprise rhetoric, for micro-businesses owners and their families, values of self-reliance and dependency often are found as opposite characteristics necessary for the success of a small business. A recent survey of micro-businesses in contrasting British regional economies suggests that such experiences are likely to be found amongst a substantial proportion of micro-businesses.     

农村幼儿教师队伍建设的现实问题及政策选择

：构建覆盖城乡、布局合理的学前教育公共服务体系,加强农村幼儿教师队伍建设是今后一段时间我国学前教育政策关注的重点。目前我国农村幼儿教师队伍在数量、结构、质量等方面还存在诸多问题,应强化政府主体责任,建立多元开放教师补充机制,完善教师管理制度,落实教师权益保障,建设一支高素质专业化的农村幼儿教师队伍,切实保障适龄儿童接受基本的、有质量的学前教育。     

论李怀民对中晚唐“张贾”诗风的继承与发展

李怀民是高密诗派领袖,其律诗创作主要继承以张籍、贾岛为代表的中晚唐五律诗人的传统,如大量创作五律,且呈现“瘦削”、“清真”、“平淡”、“新奇”及格律谨严的特征,也有所突破与发展,如或具有田园隐逸诗的风貌,或表现出陶渊明式的“气骨”,或弥漫着凄凉的身世之感和失意的忧伤。李怀民继承“张贾”传统并不局限于五律;就张、贾而言,更侧重于学张派;其律诗学“张贾”,与其古诗师“陶韦”一致,原因是多方面的。     

协同创新组织中参与主体的利益分配问题研究

公平有效的利益分配机制是协同创新组织关系稳定、合作卓有成效的关键。针对利益分配问题的重要性、复杂性和动态性,首先分析了各方利益诉求的特点,然后从利益分配的几大原则出发,讨论了具体实施过程中的主要问题和解决思路,为协同创新组织的组建、制度设计和日常运营提供了参考。     

广州驻防八旗生计问题探析

摘要：满清定都北京以后,八旗军民合一的体制被打破,清政府为维护政权的稳固,分派八旗军在全国多处驻防。广州八旗在 驻防初期,有钱粮制度作保障,且旗民人口较少,因此,旗民生活较为宽裕,但随着清政府财政的枯竭,广州八旗旗民人口的增 长,广州驻防八旗旗民面临着严峻的生计问题,虽然广州采取了四项主要措施来解决旗民的生计问题,但这些措施对于多数生 计维艰的八旗旗民来说,仍是杯水车薪,最终广州八旗旗民突破了八旗驻防制度的种种束缚,开始自谋生路