美国儿童电视规制的历史演变探析

美国儿童电视规制始于20世纪30年代,在80年来的历史进程中,经历了建构规制、放松规制、重构规制三个特征显著的历史阶段。这一历史演变是凯恩斯的政府干预主义和亚当·斯密的自由市场主义相互较量的产物,是美国不完整的政府和不完整的市场相互博弈的产物,是公共利益和商业利益相互角力的产物。美国儿童电视规制中的很多制度设计和价值取向看上去很美,但是在执行过程中并不尽如人意。历史地看,如果美国电视的商业体制没有改变,那么其儿童电视节目中的各类低俗和商业内容就不会得到彻底的改善。就此而言,美国儿童电视规制的使命依然任重而道远。     

Ho-Lee利率模型下带有零息票债券的投资-消费模型

在随机利率环境下研究一类带有零息票债券的投资-消费问题,其中假设无风险利率是服从Ho-Lee利率模型的随机过程,且金融市场由一种无风险资产、一种风险资产和一种零息票债券所构成。投资人希望选择一种最优投资-消费策略来最大化其有限时间段内终端财富和累积消费的期望效用。文章应用动态规划原理和变量替换方法得到了幂效用和对数效用下最优投资-消费策略的显示解。算例分析演示了最优投资-消费策略随市场参数的变化而变化的动态行为,并给出了一些经济学涵义。     

Statistical considerations associated with a comprehensive regulatory framework to address the unmet need for new antibacterial therapies

At present, there are situations in antibiotic drug development where the low number of enrollable patients with key problem pathogens makes it impossible to conduct fully powered non‐inferiority trials in the traditional way. Recent regulatory changes have begun to address this situation. In parallel, statistical issues regarding the application of alternative techniques, balancing the unmet need with the level of certainty in the approval process, and the use of additional sources of data are critical areas to increase development feasibility. Although such approaches increase uncertainty compared with a traditional development program, this will be necessary to allow new agents to be made available. Identification of these risks and explicit discussion around requirements in these areas should help clarify the situation, and hence, the feasibility of developing drugs to treat the most concerning pathogens before the unmet need becomes even more acute than at present. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅议缔约过失责任

缔约过失责任是指在合同订立过程中 ,一方因违背其依据的诚实信用原则所产生的义务 ,而致另一方的信赖利益的损失 ,并应承担损害赔偿责任。它是一种新型的责任制度。从缔约过失责任的特点这一角度 ,对缔约过失责任制度予以阐述 ,对目前颇有争议的一些理论问题作一粗浅探讨 ,以达到很好地理解和适用缔约过失责任 ,防止其不适当扩大。     

论快乐体育在健美操课教学中的运用

快乐体育是在否定体质锻炼和技能学习的枯燥乏味的基础上创造的一种新的教学法。将快乐体育应用于健美操教学,突破健美操传统教学模式,有利于激发学生的兴趣和学习的主动性,使学生在快乐的学习气氛中感受到健美操学习的乐趣,增强学习的信心和自觉性,达到健美操课教学的最佳目标。     

论塑造团队制度型的现代企业家

现代企业家应该是团队制度型企业家.塑造团队制度型的现代企业家必须建立企业产权均衡机制和企业经营者群集机制.     

中小企业在循环经济转型中的障碍及对策分析

我国中小企业在国民经济中发挥了积极的作用,但中小企业也造成我国资源的巨大浪费和污染物的过度排放。文章通过分析循环经济转型中信息不对称、污染处理成本过高、技术创新资金缺失等问题,提出大力发展环境信息服务业,实现企业内部循环,建立污染治理公司,循环型企业和加强政府职能等对策,加速中小企业向循环经济的顺利转型。     

西部山地小城镇建设与产业发展协调机制研究

我国山地区域的城镇化建设,以极其弱小的经济实力承担着发展经济、集聚人口、保护自然生态环境、维护社会政治稳定的多重任务.显然,加速山地区域小城镇建设,壮大经济实力,已成为我国山地区域城镇化建设的当务之急.而推进我国山地区域城镇化建设必须把握山地区域城镇化建设的客观规律,积极探寻我国山地城镇建设与产业发展的具体途径,制定适宜对路的政策措施.     

Applying skovgaard's modified directed likelihood statistic to mixed linear models

The introduction of software to calculate maximum likelihood estimates for mixed linear models has made likelihood estimation a practical alternative to methods based on sums of squares. Likelihood based tests and confidence intervals, however, may be misleading in problems with small sample sizes. This paper discusses an adjusted version of the directed log-likelihood statistic for mixed models that is highly accurate for testing one parameter hypotheses. Indroduced by Skovgaard (1996, Journal of the Bernoulli Society,2,145-165), we show in mixed models that the statistic has a simple conpact from that may be obtained from standard software. Simulation studies indicate that this statistic is more accurate than many of the specialized procedure that have been advocated.     

Approximate estimations in capture–recapture model with heteroscedastic measurement errors

In a capture–recapture experiment, the number of measurements for individual covariates usually equals the number of captures. This creates a heteroscedastic measurement error problem and the usual surrogate condition does not hold in the context of a measurement error model. This study adopts a small measurement error assumption to approximate the conventional estimating functions and the population size estimator. This study also investigates the biases of the resulting estimators. In addition, modifications for two common approximation methods, regression calibration and simulation extrapolation, to accommodate heteroscedastic measurement error are also discussed. These estimation methods are examined through simulations and illustrated by analysing a capture–recapture data set.