Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

社会过程是必然性与偶然性的统一

社会过程是必然性与偶然性的统一。社会历史过程中的偶然性与必然性的相互关系为经济落后国家提供了超越资本主义阶段的可能性,中国建成社会主义有其有利的经济、政治、思想文化和国际条件。     

Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks

The present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender- or age-based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age- or gender-related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender-based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender-based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6-year-olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4-year-olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.     

再谈历史心理学

西方心理史学,心态史学和历史心理学的研究目的虽不相同,但都把历史心理现象作为主要研究对象。因此有必要将三者结合创立历史心理学。历史心理学研究历史上个体心理和社会心理及其对历史事件和历史进程的影响。     

论医学模式的演变与医务社会工作概念的发展

医务社会工作是社会工作的一个重要的实务领域,自诞生之日起,其内涵就始终在不断的发展与丰富.医务社会工作的发展不仅受到经济社会发展的影响,更受到了医学模式发展的深切影响.本文主要对医学模式的演变与医务社会工作发展之间的关系进行了分析,认为医学模式由传统向现代模式的转变,使医务社会工作的内涵得以深化,理念得以提升.     

物理学革命中的哲学论战——纪念爱因斯坦逝世50周年

在19世纪末20世纪初的物理学革命中,从X射线、放射性和电子等重大发现,到相对论和量子力学的相继创建,使得物理学基本观念发生了根本变革,并对一系列物理学哲学问题展开了激烈争论。本文对物理学革命中的哲学论战进行述评,旨在深化科学哲学界对这一时期物理学哲学问题的系统研究,并以此纪念爱因斯坦逝世50周年。     

论儒家文化对东北婚俗的影响

几千年来,我国东北地区少数民族不断地兴衰更替,在中原占统治地位的儒家文化却不断向东北地区传播与渗透。儒家文化在东北地区却不断地为历代统治者所接纳,从而对东北的民俗不断地产生影响。就婚俗而言,从汉代《仪礼.士昏礼》的“六礼”传入东北,至晚清时期仍然保持着“六礼”形态,这是儒家礼仪文化自汉代以来在东北地区不断传播的结果。我们看到儒家文化生命力的同时,也看到在儒家文化影响下东北婚姻民俗所呈现的多彩的形态。     

《汉宫秋》：在历史叙事上的创造与延伸

昭君故事的史传书写、民间传说和文人歌咏构成了昭君故事的“历史叙事”。马致远创作《汉宫秋》的时候,对“历史叙事”有吸收,有改造,作了大胆的超越。但他的超越不是随意的,而是从现实的时代要求出发,抓住古与今的契合点,使之既符合艺术规律,又实现借古讽今的目的,成为一部富有现实意义的历史悲剧。这一改编的成功给现今历史题材作品的创作和改编以很好的启示。     

刘壎诗学思想初探

元代诗学主潮为“举世宗唐”,江西诗论家却是其中颇为特殊的一支,他们上承江西统系,探索唐、宋诗之渊承,成为“宗唐得古”思潮下较温和的“折衷唐宋”派,刘壎是其中重要的代表人物。刘壎的诗学思想有两大关键:一是“折衷唐宋”,二是以“四层次”论诗,其诗学思想受陆九渊心学影响颇深。     

政府绩效评估与企业绩效评估比较及借鉴意义

政府部门与企业同属社会公共组织,两者的绩效评估具有可比性。政府绩效评估和企业绩效评估可以相互借鉴:政府绩效评估可以借鉴企业绩效评估的评估技术、价值导向、评估方法;政府绩效评估可以引导企业绩效评估关注企业的社会责任。