罗尔斯“原初状态理念”的当代意义

原初状态理念在罗尔斯的正义理论中占据关键地位。它遭遇到来自各方面的批评,这些批评本身也凸显出罗尔斯的这种理念在当代政治哲学中的重要意义。原初状态理念不仅在当代政治哲学理论研究中引起了巨大反响,而且对于当代社会现实问题的解决,特别是对于我国目前构建社会主义和谐社会也具有重要的启示意义。      

Gendered Resources,Division of Housework,and Perceived Fairness—A Case in Urban China

Drawing upon equity and gender theories, we investigate Chinese couples' perceived fairness of the wife's disproportionately heavy household responsibility. Data come from in‐depth interviews with 39 married couples in Beijing during the summer of 1998. Although housework division remained unequal among dual‐earner couples, the majority of wives and husbands saw it as fair. We explore the notion of gendered resources by examining husbands' and wives' opinions about both paid and domestic work. We find that husband's breadwinner role and wife's housekeeper role retain their primary place in the family and that gender‐role expectations produce gendered resources to both wives and husbands. These expectations release both the husbands, who have fulfilled the provider role, from the obligation to share housework equally, and the wives, who combine paid and domestic work, from an equal responsibility of breadwinning. Therefore, the failure to bring adequate gendered resources to a marriage, rather than the unequal distribution of housework, causes a sense of unfairness.     

法价值与民法取向

法的价值是法基于本位的追求。法的价值主要包括自由、平等、公平、秩序等理念形态。法价值的体制是法价值理念的载体。法的价值主体主要是个人与社会。市民法之价值核心是私主体个人本位性的自由和公平。在近代法典化时期,自由理念表现为完全之契约自由,并得以进一步蓬勃发展,成为整个法律正义哲学的核心。在当代,自由理念虽然受到一定的限制和削弱,但在市民法中仍保持着最初的重要价值。随着社会的发展,对自由意志的更新规范只能在对法律行为本身适法规格上,并非对自由理念的否定,且可通过公平之价值理念和原则来调适。法的本位价值取向决定法律制度作用的方向。民法以私主体个人权利为本位,所有规制旨在保证个人权利和利益充分实现。尽管从现代民法的发展趋势看,民法也朝着社会化做出努力,但是,民法关怀的仍多是私主体个人,民法所做的努力多是尽力避免个人本位和社会的矛盾冲突。     

Relational Contracts and the Nature of Market Interactions

We provide evidence that long‐term relationships between trading parties emerge endogenously in the absence of third party enforcement of contracts and are associated with a fundamental change in the nature of market interactions. Without third party enforcement, the vast majority of trades are initiated with private offers and the parties share the gains from trade equally. Low effort or bad quality is penalized by the termination of the relationship, wielding a powerful effect on contract enforcement. Successful long‐term relations exhibit generous rent sharing and high effort (quality) from the very beginning of the relationship. In the absence of third‐party enforcement, markets resemble a collection of bilateral trading islands rather than a competitive market. If contracts are third party enforceable, rent sharing and long‐term relations are absent and the vast majority of trades are initiated with public offers. Most trades take place in one‐shot transactions and the contracting parties are indifferent with regard to the identity of their trading partner.     

金融贷款区域配置公平性及影响因素研究

通过对我国1978-2005年我国金融贷款区域配置公平性进行测算,深入剖析其影响因素,研究表明:金融贷款区域配置受财政因素、开放程度等因素的影响,尤其是财政因素与金融贷款区域配置公平性相互影响,并且在分税制改革后我国的贷款配置趋势有愈加不公平之势。研究的政策含义在于:我国金融贷款的区域配置应当同财政政策、政府金融干预等相结合。     

农村土地保障功能与农村社会保障制度

我国当前的农村家庭保障功能已无法抵御日益增加的各种社会风险,城乡二元对立的经济与社会结构使得农村的社会保障困难重重.农村土地保障本身也存在很大缺陷,并进一步导致农村社会保障体系建设滞后、土地均分制下的低效率、农村城镇化进程缓慢.我们应当通过强调农村土地生产资料的功能进而提高其社会保障效用;同时,根据农村实际,多渠道筹措资金,建立健全农村基本社会保障制度,优先落实失地农民的社会保障,尽快实现科学完善的农村社会保障制度.     

从十七大报告看党对效率与公平认识的跃升

十七大关于效率与公平关系的论述,是时"效率优先,兼顾公平"原则的扬弃,是党的分配政策在认识上的跃升.有利于我们在实践中构建效率与公平二者并重、双向互动、内在统一的关系和机制,对推动社会和谐,共享发展成果有重大意义.     

单方仲裁选择权条款效力探析

若合同中的仲裁条款规定某一方有权提起仲裁,而没有相应赋予另外一方提起仲裁的权利,法院在判断这种仲裁条款的效力时,往往以显失公平为理由认定其无效,学界也有学者持这种主张,然而,这种理由表面肤浅,显失公平何以体现,司法实践和理论都没有深入充分的阐述。从民法的角度分析,这种条款应该是有效的。     

Dynamic fairness in repeated bargaining with risk

We study dynamic notions of fairness via an experiment of a two-round bilateral bargaining environment, where the payoff to one player is subject to ex-post risk, while the other player receives a fixed payment, effectively making the player exposed to risk a residual claimant. The ex-post risk not only provides substantive issues for bargaining parties to resolve in the experiment – i.e. what is a fair compensation for the exposure to risk – it also results in the endogenous formation of reference points for the second round due to ex post inequality after the realization of uncertainty in the first round. We find support for a “payback” hypothesis. That is, agreements in the second round significantly differ from the first round in a manner consistent with reducing the inequality that arose due to the initial pie realization.     

Adolescents' trust and reciprocity toward friends,unknown peers,and community members

Using a newly developed version of the Trust Game among 196 adolescents aged 11–20 years, this study examined whether adolescents distinguish between trust and reciprocity to unknown peers, friends, and community members. We also tested for effects of age, gender, and individual differences in attending to others' emotions, emotional support to friends, societal contributions, and institutional and interpersonal trust beliefs. Results indicated that adolescents showed the least trust and reciprocity to unknown peers, more to a community member, and most to friends. Reciprocity increased with age, and individual differences in societal contributions and interpersonal trust were positively related to trust and reciprocity. This study was the first to show that community members are a specific target in adolescents' social world.