多维运思中的公平正义

当前,惟有构建恰如其分的特色正义,从理论上为"让中国社会变得更加公平正义"提供坚强的支持,才能保障"我国改革根本目的"的顺利实施。针对现今世界纷繁复杂的正义理论,如要合理有效地运思公平正义,就必须做到博采众长,审慎地处置好理想与现实、共时与时代、德性与制度、整体与个体的关系,在弘扬正义的理想价值中提升实际正义,在遵循正义的普遍共时性中彰显时代特质,在汲取传统德性正义时强化制度刚性特质,在继承整体关怀的框架内凸显个体合法权益,为我国正义理论建设提供一种参考性的认知。     

Cooperating to Commercialize Technology: A Dynamic Model of Fairness Perceptions,Experience, and Cooperation

Technology entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic growth, although entrepreneurs must maintain cooperative ties with the owners of any technology they hope to bring to market. Existing studies show that fairness perceptions have a great influence on this cooperation, but no research investigates its precise mechanisms or dynamic patterns. This study explores the development of 17 ventures that cooperated with a university‐owner of technology and thereby identifies different cooperation patterns in which fairness perceptions influence the degree of cooperation. These perceptions also change over time, partly as a function of accumulated experience and learning. A system dynamics model integrates insights from existing literature with the empirical findings to reveal which cooperation mechanisms relate to venture development over time; the combinations of individual experience, fairness perceptions, and market circumstances lead to four different patterns. This model can explain changes in entrepreneurial cooperation as a result of changes in fairness perceptions, which depend on learning effects and entrepreneurial experience. Each identified cooperation pattern has implications for research and offers insights for practitioners who need to manage relationships in practice.     

Concepts of Fairness in Marriage and Divorce

Discourses of fairness are bound up with Western ideals of companionate marriage. They are also central to the ways people talk about their approaches to divorce, especially in relation to the division of property and finances. How fairness is understood within marriage, however, is gendered, with husbands more likely to take equity-based approaches and wives equality-based approaches. In this article I discuss previous research on how fairness is understood within marriage, and compare this with data from a study of people going through divorce proceedings in England and Wales. I suggest that some, but not all, understandings about fairness are carried over from marriage into divorce, and note that in many ways English and Welsh divorce law supports a particular conception of fairness that redresses objectively unfair divisions of labor within the marital relationship.     

Wanting Mixed‐Sex Children: Separate Spheres,Rational Choice,and Symbolic Capital Motivations

Substantial research concludes that most Americans want to have “at least 1 boy and 1 girl,” yet few have empirically explored what drives this preference. The author used nationally representative data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 5,544) and generalized ordered logistic regression to evaluate 3 potential psychosocial frameworks motivating the mixed‐sex ideal using gender and family attitude variables. The results supported a “separate spheres” ideology, through which parents may view the interests, traits, skills, and roles of boys and girls in families as very different. Second, the results supported a rational choice orientation, whereby achieving this goal maximizes having a variety of needs met in old age. Third, the desire for 1 boy and 1 girl may be motivated by its symbolic capital as a status marker, representing the image of a “balanced,” ideal family. Based on beliefs about the nonsubstitutability of boys and girls, this ideal represents a form of gender inequality that persists in families.     

What's Fair Is Fair? Role of Justice in Family Labor Allocation Decisions

ABSTRACT

The theoretical basis on which wives and husbands in the United States evaluate the fairness of the division of household labor is explored. Based on distributive justice theory, separate interviews with wives and husbands are conducted to identify and define the household inputs or contributions that are valued as well as the underlying justice principles that guide household labor allocations. The findings suggest considerable variation in the value placed on household chores and the underlying justice principles used when allocating housework. Gendered expectations also play an important role in these allocations.     

Perceived Fairness and Satisfaction with the Division of Housework Among Dual-Earner Couples in Italy

A well-documented paradox in family literature is that most married women and men consider the division of household labor to be fair, although its distribution is quite uneven. In this article I report results from a survey on 404 dual-earner couples with young children living in Torino, Italy. A small proportion of wives and husbands (13.6% and 5.7%, respectively) reported both unfairness and dissatisfaction with the division of housework. The absolute majority (55%) of both wives and husbands perceived fairness and satisfaction, even if most of the chores (about two-thirds) fell on wives’ shoulders. To explain these judgments, elements of Thompson's distributive justice theoretical framework were operationalized and tested. A critical reassessment of these elements is provided, based on empirical findings.     

Decision Making for Group Risk Reduction: Dealing with Epistemic Uncertainty

Group risk is usually represented by FN curves showing the frequency of different accident sizes for a given activity. Many governments regulate group risk through FN criterion lines, which define the tolerable location of an FN curve. However, to compare different risk reduction alternatives, one must be able to rank FN curves. The two main problems in doing this are that the FN curve contains multiple frequencies, and that there are usually large epistemic uncertainties about the curve. Since the mid 1970s, a number of authors have used the concept of “disutility” to summarize FN curves in which a family of disutility functions was defined with a single parameter controlling the degree of “risk aversion.” Here, we show it to be risk neutral, disaster averse, and insensitive to epistemic uncertainty on accident frequencies. A new approach is outlined that has a number of attractive properties. The formulation allows us to distinguish between risk aversion and disaster aversion, two concepts that have been confused in the literature until now. A two‐parameter family of disutilities generalizing the previous approach is defined, where one parameter controls risk aversion and the other disaster aversion. The family is sensitive to epistemic uncertainties. Such disutilities may, for example, be used to compare the impact of system design changes on group risks, or might form the basis for valuing reductions in group risk in a cost‐benefit analysis.     

双向公平关切下双渠道供应链的线上线下融合契约设计

针对双渠道供应链中存在消费者渠道偏好和双向公平关切的问题,探究如何将线上渠道商的平台优势与线下渠道商的服务体验优势有效融合。本文基于消费者渠道偏好下制造商、线上和线下渠道商三者之间同时存在双向公平关切的情形,分别讨论有无公平关切下双渠道供应链集中与分散决策的系统定价与收益差异问题,在此基础上,引入批发价格折扣与服务成本共担契约对供应链各主体进行协调。研究表明：双向公平关切因素会进一步加剧双渠道供应链的“双重边际效应”;横向和纵向公平关切系数对制造商和渠道商效用的影响趋势存在差异,且其可以分别增强和削弱消费者的讨价还价能力;通过将契约比例设置在一定区间内,能够促进制造商、线上和线下渠道商形成一个互补协作且融合的共赢模式。     

电信服务与手机捆绑销售模式下考虑公平的均衡策略

本文以电信服务与手机捆绑销售模式为背景,研究了手机制造商主导下公平关切对手机制造商和服务运营商进行捆绑分销合作时的价格和补贴决策、利润分配以及补贴契约协调的影响。首先,分别给出了集中决策和补贴契约下捆绑销售渠道的最优均衡结果;然后,分析了补贴契约下手机制造商的公平关切对手机制造商和服务运营商的均衡策略、渠道各方利润以及整体利润的影响;进一步地,对捆绑销售模式下的补贴契约进行了协调性分析。研究结果表明：不利不公平厌恶将促使手机制造商制定一个较高的零售价格,从而恶化捆绑销售渠道的整体效益;有利不公平厌恶将促使手机制造商制定一个较低的零售价格,从而改善捆绑销售渠道的整体效益;然而,无论是否考虑手机制造商公平关切心理行为,补贴契约始终不能促使捆绑销售渠道实现协调;此外,手机制造商一味追求较高的利润分配比,并不一定能给自身带来更多利润,反而会降低整体利润。     

Exploring the Conceptual Foundation of Continuity Management in the Context of Societal Safety

Public and private actors with critical roles for ensuring societal safety need to work proactively to reduce risks and vulnerabilities. Traditionally, risk management activities have often been performed in order to ensure continuous functioning of key societal services. Recently, however, business continuity management (BCM), and its analytical subcomponent business impact assessment (BIA), has been introduced and used more extensively by both the private and public sector in order to increase the robustness and resilience of critical infrastructures and societal functions and services. BCM was originally developed in the business sector but has received a broader use during the last decade. Yet, BCM/BIA has gained limited attention in the scientific literature—especially when it comes to clarifying and developing its conceptual basis. First, this article examines and discusses the conceptual foundation of BCM concepts, including practical challenges of applying the concepts. Based on recent conceptual developments from the field of risk management, a developed conceptualization is suggested. Second, the article discusses challenges that arise when applying BCM in the societal safety area and provides some recommendations aiming to improve the clarity and quality of applications. Third, the article provides suggestions of how to integrate the overlapping approaches of BIA and risk assessment in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness of proactive, analytic processes. We hope that the article can stimulate a critical discussion about the key concepts of BCM, their wider use in societal safety, and their connection to other concepts and activities such as risk assessment.