跨文化语用失误分析及对策

语用失误是跨文化交际的一个重要研究课题。本文探讨了语用失误的原因及语用策略,以求提高外语学习者的跨文化交际能力。     

服务补救悖论及其应用价值探讨

服务补救悖论是否有效，是否能够被实际运用一直是服务营销的一个争论内容。只有在清晰的界定其内涵，分析和评价了服务补救悖论的有效性和道德性以后，才能指明实施服务补救悖论的条件、程序和注意事项，从而澄清在此问题上的理论分歧和企业面临的实际困惑，有助于服务类企业更好地实施服务补救悖论以提升顾客满意度。     

跨文化语用失误的重新界定及分类

文章以言语和非言语交际为基础,对跨文化语用失误进行重新界定和分类,使广大英语教师意识到在对学生进行言语语用能力培养的同时,也应该注重学生非言语语用能力的培养。     

‘Failure to thrive’ revisited

The term ‘non‐organic failure to thrive’ (FTT) has long been used in relation to young children with faltering growth for which no organic cause is found. In this paper, problems arising from dichotomised organic/non‐organic responses to FTT are explored and reasons for the assumption that non‐organic FTT was always due to emotional abuse or neglect are presented. The case is made that, except in a minority of cases, children fail to grow because they consume insufficient calories. Research studies on reasons for poor intake, from factors related to the child and their parents to the wider family and environment, are summarised. Following a brief reference to literature on outcomes, I argue that centile charts should be routinely completed for all young children. If faltering growth is identified, a multi‐factorial assessment should be undertaken. Such an assessment reduces the risk of interventions being based on outdated assumptions about non‐organic FTT and maximises the potential for successful resolution of poor growth. After briefly summarising the literature on interventions, I conclude with suggestions for improving practice in this field, including working in partnership with families and with health and social care professionals already known to them. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quality Management in Multi‐Level Supply Chains with Outsourced Manufacturing

Outsourcing stretches supply chains longer with added contract manufacturers responsible for the manufacturing of parts and final products. Should a firm change its quality management approach as its supply chain becomes longer with outsourced manufacturing? This paper studies a brand owner's optimal choice between two commonly used quality management approaches: an inspection‐based approach and an external failure‐based approach, in two supply chains – a dyadic supply chain and a multi‐level supply chain where the brand owner outsources manufacturing to an independent contract manufacturer. Our study finds that the brand owner's optimal choice between the two quality management approaches could be opposite in the two supply chains. Specifically, we show that if agency costs exist between the contract manufacturer and the brand owner, the brand owner may prefer an inspection‐based approach in the multi‐level supply chain in contrast to preferring an external failure‐based approach in the dyadic supply chain. In particular, inspections can be effective for the brand owner to limit the manufacturer's profit by excluding defective finished products and components, which in turn reduce agency costs in the multi‐level supply chain. Hence, the efficiency of an inspection‐based approach relative to an external failure‐based approach can be higher in the multi‐level supply chain as compared to the dyadic one. Our findings suggest that firms should adjust to changes in supply chain structures and re‐evaluate the efficiencies of different quality management approaches accordingly.     

立式盘类转子动平衡机箱体有限元分析

旋转电极式电除尘器出口粉尘体积分数小,可降低PM2.5排放量,是目前新建和改造电除尘器的主流方向之 一,其清灰刷关系到旋转电极式电除尘器的除尘效率和使用寿命,为此搭建了清灰刷失效形式和寿命测试试验装置,其 中机械部分为框架结构,电气部分采用PLC控制,由减速变频电机驱动,最后通过ANSYS Workbench对其主要部件进行 了静态和动态性能分析,结果表明：装置框架的动态特性满足设计要求,不会在工作时引起共振,运行后该装置能够满足 试验工作需要。     

论清末新政失败的原因及其历史启示

《辛丑条约》签订之后,中国社会陷入了民族危机加深和国内阶级矛盾激化的双重困境,清王朝统治出现了功能性障碍,统治危机进一步加深。为了挽救摇摇欲坠的满清政府,以慈禧太后为首的清政府不得不推行改革,史称清末新政。但是事与愿违,它并没有达到挽救清王朝的目的,反而加速了它的灭亡。清末新政的失败是历史必然性和主体选择错误性互相作用的结果,这启示我们改革要想取得胜利,就必须既合乎规律性,也合乎目的性,在尊重历史必然性的前提下,充分发挥主体选择性。     

中药灌肠治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨中药灌肠治疗慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)的临床疗效。方法将60例CRF患者随机分为2组,每组30例。两组均给予优质低蛋白饮食、降血压、调血脂、降血糖、纠正贫血等一体化治疗,观察组在此基础上予以清肾汤灌肠治疗。比较两组临床疗效及血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平。结果观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(P0.05)下同,差异有统计学意义;治疗后,两组Scr、BUN水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05或P0.01),但观察组降低幅度更为显著。结论中药灌肠可有效降低CRF患者血Scr和BUN水平,提高临床疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

Using repeated-prevalence data in multi-state modeling of renal replacement therapy

Multi-state models help predict future numbers of patients requiring specific treatments but these models require exhaustive incidence data. Deriving reliable predictions from repeated-prevalence data would be helpful. A new method to model the number of patients that switch between therapeutic modalities using repeated-prevalence data is presented and illustrated. The parameters and goodness of fit obtained with the new method and repeated-prevalence data were compared to those obtained with the classical method and incidence data. The multi-state model parameters’ confidence intervals obtained with annually collected repeated-prevalence data were wider than those obtained with incidence data and six out of nine pairs of confidence intervals did not overlap. However, most parameters were of the same order of magnitude and the predicted patient distributions among various renal replacement therapies were similar regardless of the type of data used. In the absence of incidence data, a multi-state model can still be successfully built with annually collected repeated-prevalence data to predict the numbers of patients requiring specific treatments. This modeling technique can be extended to other chronic diseases.     

New flexible models generated by gamma random variables for lifetime modeling

In this paper we introduce a new three-parameter exponential-type distribution. The new distribution is quite flexible and can be used effectively in modeling survival data and reliability problems. It can have constant, decreasing, increasing, upside-down bathtub and bathtub-shaped hazard rate functions. It also generalizes some well-known distributions. We discuss maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters for complete sample and for censored sample. Additionally, we formulate a new cure rate survival model by assuming that the number of competing causes of the event of interest has the Poisson distribution and the time to this event follows the proposed distribution. Maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters of the new cure rate survival model is discussed for complete sample and censored sample. Two applications to real data are provided to illustrate the flexibility of the new model in practice.