1998 Annual Meeting Plenary Session: Assessing and Managing Risks in a Democratic Society

The theme of one of the plenary sessions held at the 1998 annual meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, 'Assessing and Managing Risks in a Democratic Society,' was chosen to reflect the current debate about the best ways to integrate social, political, economic, and technical issues into fair risk management decisions. In the papers presented here, the three plenary speakers provide their perspectives on how environmental risk management decision making is—or should be—informed by democratic processes.
John D. Graham Making Sense of Risk
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Risk, Democracy, and the Environment
Jason Shogren Markets to Master Health and Environmental Risk
Audience Questions and Answers     

论跨国公司污染转移的法律治理

全球化时代，跨国公司的直接投资在为发展中国家带来资金、技术和管理知识的同时，也将污染产业转移到发展中国家，从而带来了环境污染问题。我国是吸引外资最多的发展中国家，对跨国公司污染转移的监管责任重大。跨国公司污染转移具有隐蔽性、长期性、歧视性。关于跨国公司污染转移的动因，目前有污染避难所假说、环境成本转移说、市场失灵和政府失灵说。治理跨国公司污染转移的法律依据既有国际法层面的，也有国内法层面的。我国对跨国公司污染转移的治理存在诸多不足，既有国际法的强制力不足，也有国内立法规定不足，另外，还有外资审批的环保把关不严、环境信息公开制度不完善等。针对跨国公司污染转移法律治理的不足，我国应从以下几个方面予以完善：促进国际立法、完善国内相关立法、加强投资的环境审批和环保执法、完善环境信息公开制度、加快完善环境标准体系。     

Evaluating Efficiency-Equality Tradeoffs for Mobile Source Control Strategies in an Urban Area

In environmental risk management, there are often interests in maximizing public health benefits (efficiency) and addressing inequality in the distribution of health outcomes. However, both dimensions are not generally considered within a single analytical framework. In this study, we estimate both total population health benefits and changes in quantitative indicators of health inequality for a number of alternative spatial distributions of diesel particulate filter retrofits across half of an urban bus fleet in Boston, Massachusetts. We focus on the impact of emissions controls on primary fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emissions, modeling the effect on PM_2.5 concentrations and premature mortality. Given spatial heterogeneity in baseline mortality rates, we apply the Atkinson index and other inequality indicators to quantify changes in the distribution of mortality risk. Across the different spatial distributions of control strategies, the public health benefits varied by more than a factor of two, related to factors such as mileage driven per day, population density near roadways, and baseline mortality rates in exposed populations. Changes in health inequality indicators varied across control strategies, with the subset of optimal strategies considering both efficiency and equality generally robust across different parametric assumptions and inequality indicators. Our analysis demonstrates the viability of formal analytical approaches to jointly address both efficiency and equality in risk assessment, providing a tool for decisionmakers who wish to consider both issues.     

现代艺术与现代环境艺术之创新

创新是现代艺术和现代艺术环境之生命线，人类文明社会的历史进步离不开艺术家的创造，艺术家重要的使命是艺术实践，艺术的创新创造为其实践之根本。     

关于环境会计的探讨

本文以环境会计的起源和现状为引 ,从环境会计的概念入手 ,对环境会计的定义、理论、涵概内容 ,以及环境会计的发展前景进行了描述 ,认为环境会计随着经济的发展而产生 ,也将随着经济的进一步发展而完善 ,必将具有更为广阔的前景。     

特色型大学“五位一体”素质教育模式的研究与实践

通过对特色型大学素质教育模式进行深入研究,提出构建"五位一体"素质教育模式并实践,"五位一体"素质教育模式是将身体、心理、科学素养、知识、能力五者相互关联、相互渗透、横向相连、纵向相接,成为一个有机整体,五者相融于大学生素质教育的全过程,统一于人才培养工作的总目标。其中,身体是基础,心理是灵魂,科学素养是关键,知识是途径,能力是目的。     

女大学生绿色消费意识对比分析——基于2001年与2011年调查

女大学生是未来消费主体的一部分,她们的消费意识和行动直接影响到绿色消费的发展方向。本文采用问卷法,分别于2001年和2011年两次对在校的女大学生进行了有关绿色消费意识调查,在分析对比数据结果的基础上,提出了如何通过环境教育提高女大学生绿色消费意识的主要途径。     

公安消防机构办理两案适用刑事和解的法律研究

根据新刑诉法的和解条款,消防机构负责管辖侦查的失火案和消防责任事故案在侦查过程中可以适用刑事和解程序。在两案的侦查办理中,如何更好的保护受害人的合法权益,同时让火灾责任人对于自己的违法行为能真正产生警醒和反思,使受损的社会秩序得以恢复,这是摆在消防机构面前一个新的课题。     

“环境艺术设计”专业内涵之探究

伴随着我国"环境艺术设计"专业教育的蓬勃发展,一些问题逐渐凸显出来.追根溯源,在于"环境艺术设计"专业内涵的建构.我国"环境艺术设计"专业起步较晚,对于环境艺术设计概念的理论研究相对薄弱,从而导致了诸如专业设置、课程内容、人才培养等的混乱.因此,深入思考这一专业理论问题及其发展策略,进一步明确专业发展方向,加强专业建设水平,提高人才培养质量,对于我国城市建设与发展将具有重要意义.     

Sustainable development and ecological modernization – the limits to a hegemonic policy knowledge

The implementation problems of effective global environmental politics have essentially to do with the fact that approaches to and the knowledge about sustainability remain sectoralized. There is a gap between the dominant or even hegemonic forms of environmental policy knowledge which are embodied in the concept of sustainable development, on the one hand, and the socially dominant forms of environmental knowledge concerning the appropriation of nature on the other. Until now, the policy knowledge of sustainable development has not been able to question the main assumptions and to shape existing practices of dominant forms of the appropriation of nature. This is shown along five crucial dimensions; of particular importance is the existence of the so-called valorization paradigm. Theoretically, the article is informed by the theory of societal relationships with nature and it focuses on the role of knowledge in social reproduction, innovation, and transformation.