Obtaining data linkage consent for children: factors influencing outcomes and potential biases

Understanding factors associated with consent for data linkage has largely focussed on adults, but parents or guardians can also be asked to consent on behalf of children for whom they are responsible. A framework for consent decision is presented, and is tested using a large nationally representative survey asking mothers to consent for both themselves and their children for two sets of records. Nearly all mothers give the same consent outcome for all their children. Consent rates are higher for education records than for health records and higher for mothers than children. Multivariate analyses suggest that minorities are generally less likely to consent, while more trust increases chances of consent. Several survey environment factors are important, with harder-to-contact respondents less likely to consent, while the presence of others and higher interviewer-respondent rapport lead to a higher chance of consent. These findings suggest potential methodologies to improve consent rates and possibly minimise bias. This is important given significant demographic differences between children across consent outcomes. However, data from a survey of 10–15 year olds in the study shows fewer differences for several important behaviours and attitudes across consent outcomes.     

Enhancing the Justice System's Response to Elder Abuse: Discussions and Recommendations of the “Improving Prosecution” Working Group of The National Policy Summit on Elder Abuse

ABSTRACT

Original analysis of data from the British national disability surveys is undertaken to throw light on the problem of elder abuse. The prevalence of behavioral problems among individuals living in private households in Great Britain in 1985 is described, and the ages and living arrangements of those with potentially aggressive behavior is examined. The data suggest that the potential for abuse arises in a variety of living arrangements. Tentative estimates are provided for the numbers of older people potentially at risk because they themselves have, or are living with someone who has, a disability that involves violent or aggressive behavior.     

Systematically collected information at encounters with HIV-positive students: A review of 10 years of electronic medical records

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine clinical and epidemiological information collected by Student Health Center (SHC) providers on HIV-positive students, and benchmark this information against Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines. Participants: Students who utilized the SHC and had an ICD-9 code indicating positive HIV status between 2005 and 2015 (3?=?7). Methods: In June 2016, we accessed the free-form provider notes of the SHC’s electronic medical records to identify specific, recorded epidemiological and clinical information. Results: Seven unique students sought care at the SHC during the study period. Current sexual risk taking and other known behavioral risk factors were absent from all records, along with CD4 count and viral load. ART status was only available for one patient, and he was not on ART. The information collected failed to meet IDSA benchmarks. Conclusion: Clinically- and epidemiologically-relevant information is not systematically collected from HIV-positive students at SHCs.     

中国历史上最早的一次法律变革--春秋成文法的公布及争论

春秋时期,随着生产力水平的提高,生产关系、阶级关系的变化,人文主义精神的诞生以及王权的失坠和霸政的兴起,新兴地主阶级登上了历史舞台.新兴地主阶级将斗争的矛头首先指向以秘密专横为特征的奴隶制法律制度,并将代表封建地主阶级意志的成文法公布于众,从而引发了中国历史上最早的一次法律变革,揭开了中华法系的序幕,在法律制度发展史上具有划时代意义.     

Opening the government’s black boxes: freedom of information and algorithmic accountability

Freedom of information laws are intended to illuminate how governments operate. However, the operations of governments increasingly involve algorithms, such as those used to recommend criminal sentencing and determine eligibility for social services. Algorithms function as ‘black boxes’ that turn inputs into outputs using processes that are often, by design, not transparent. Freedom of information laws allow one potential means for algorithmic transparency. However, whether such laws can be used to access algorithms is unclear. This research examines, in two ways, the availability of government algorithms to the public. First, this study examines laws, regulations, advisory opinions, and court rulings relevant to the disclosure of algorithms. The second part of this study analyzes actual responses by US government agencies to Freedom of Information Act requests for algorithms. This study concludes that governmental policies and practices related to algorithmic disclosure are inconsistent. Such inconsistencies suggest a need for better mechanisms to hold government algorithms accountable.     

国际质量管理体系中过程记录控制的实现分析

在GB/T 19000-2000 idt IS0 9000:2000质量管理体系运行控制管理系统中,过程记录控制是整个体系运行的基础,如何利用计算机网络和数据库为核心的管理软件,将文件发放、内部审核、管理评审、设计和开发、采购、生产和服务、不合格品控制、顾客满意度以及人力资源等各个方面纳入信息化建设范畴,实现记录控制的数据属性关联,从而保证组织在实施质量管理体系行为中充分的适宜性、持续改进性、有效性和可追溯性。     

数字图书馆版权问题解决方案的理性选择

数字图书馆的运作机制要求营利性和有偿化服务的客观存在。营利性是数字图书馆得以更好地生存和发展的保证 ,其营利性的有偿化服务得以合法保证的关键即其版权问题的合法解决。法定许可是解决数字图书馆版权问题的理性选择 ,它有利于中文网络信息资源的建设 ,有利于版权的利益平衡和降低版权交易费用     

房屋承租人法定先买权制度之取消与不采论

先买权制度是大陆法系国家中一项普遍的制度。我国《合同法》等有房屋先买权之规定。学者们对我国物权法是否需要采纳规定房屋承租人享有法定先买权等一系列优先权制度的争议颇为激烈。无论从房租人法定先买权之立法背景、价值取向度、法律构建、实证与实效等方面来考察,还是从我国传统法律文化精神、立法上的利益平衡机制等方面来进行分析,当今的房屋承租人法定先买权制度已失去了生存的土壤,立法上应取消《合同法》等关于承租人享有法定先买权之规定,物权法的制定也不应采纳承租人享有法定先买权的立法建议。     

对物权法定原则的重新审视

物权法定原则之始初的目的是整理旧物权,防止封建物权的复活.在现实生活中,物权法定主义获得了保障交易的便捷、安全等实证上的优点.但是物权法定主义因其对物权种类和内容的限制也导致了物权法的僵硬性,而我国正处在激烈变革的社会转型时期,新型物权不断在实践的探索中形成,物权法明确规定物权法定原则,必然会抑制新型权利的出现.如何在物权法定模式下实现当事人一定程度的私法自治,对新出现的物权种类在法律上及时总结、承认,从而适应社会的演进,是重点要解决的问题.     

《合同法》第286条确立的法定抵押权

《合同法》第 2 86条确定的法定抵押权包括担保的债权及其范围 ,法定抵押权的标的 ,法定抵押权的登记以及法定抵押权与一般抵押权并存冲突哪一个优先受偿的问题。