农村反贫困战略中的社会救助策略——《社会救助暂行办法》的分析与思考

农村摆脱贫困,是建设社会主义新农村和全面建成小康社会的重要目标。社会救助的价值追求与反贫困的目标高度契合,成为农村反贫困战略必须坚持的正确选择。剖析现有策略的不足,通过分析《社会救助暂行办法》的规定提出:完善社会救助法律链接;均衡经济政策和社会政策,联动社会救助与就业机制;严格审核救助资格,实行分类施保和动态管理;拓宽救助资金来源渠道,健全资金监管制度。使社会救助策略在推动农村反贫困中发挥最大功能。     

Estimating the Expense of a Mandatory Home- and Community-Based Personal Assistance Services Benefit Under Medicaid

Abstract

Personal assistance services (PAS) are essential for many people of all ages with significant disabilities, but these services are not always available to individuals at home or in the community, in large part due to a significant bias toward institutions in the Medicaid program. This study aims to provide an estimate of the expense of a mandatory personal assistance services (PAS) benefit under Medicaid for persons with low incomes, low assets, and significant disability.

Design and methods: We use year 2003 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate the number of people living in households who would be eligible, based on having an institutional level of need and meeting financial criteria for low income and low assets, combined with additional survey data on annual expenditures under Medicaid programs providing PAS.

Results: New expenditures for PAS are estimated to be $1.4–$3.7 billion per year (in 2006 dollars), depending on the rate of participation, for up to half a million new recipients, more than a third of whom would be ages 65 and older. These estimated expenditures are a tenth of those estimated by the Congressional Budget Office for implementing the Medicaid Community-Based Attendant Services and Supports Act (MiCASSA).

Implications: Creating a mandatory PAS benefit for those with an institutional level of need is a fiscally achievable policy strategy to redress the imbalance between institutional and community-based services under Medicaid.     

Distinguishing Cultural Expectations in Assessment of Financial Exploitation

Formal protocols for the screening of financial exploitation have tended to be rooted in the assumptions reflective of a white, middle class perspective and have often failed to account for cultural differences in minority communities. This article discusses the significance of cultural considerations in screening for financial exploitation. It proposes that we view exploitation on a continuum utilizing a broader definition with a focus on the dynamics of interactions in families.     

对吉林省助学贷款存在问题的几点建议

国家助学贷款帮助了很多贫困学生,但在实施过程中也存在很多问题。本文分析了助学贷款存在的主要问题,并就完善国家助学贷款政策提出了若干建议。     

论陇海铁路从自办到国有

在清末民初自办铁路的热潮中,陇海铁路各段的自办比较典型,商办洛潼铁路发展缓慢,官商合办西潼铁路无策,官办开徐海清计划落空。陇海铁路各段自办都陷入了筹款困难的境地,中央和地方也在筑路权责上相互推诿,最后在干路国有政策下掀起新一轮借款筑路的高潮。     

生态语言视阈下“吧”族外来词的模因属性分析

"吧"族外来词是现代汉语的新生词汇,它们时尚新颖,生命力强。从模因论的视角来看,"吧"族外来词作为强势语言模因的简洁性、非常规性和劝说性等特点,促进了生态视阈下的语言多样性。从生态语言学的视角分析"吧"族外来词的模因属性,"吧"族外来词的适用范围不应超出它的生态范畴,应合理估计它们作为强势模因的力度,避免因滥用这些词汇而造成不良的语言生态效应。     

“三支一扶”计划政策梗阻与消解——基于海西高校的实证调查研究

三支一扶计划一经推出就引发社会各方面的共同关注,并在宏观层面上制定了相应的指导意见,然而在三支一扶计划实施中,仍存在着认识偏差和政策梗阻,有必要加以澄清和理顺。     

高等学校信贷风险管理研究

信用贷款已成为高等学校筹资的主要渠道,也是高等学校赖以生存和发展的基础,而高等学校信用贷款的管理关系着高等学校的长远可持续发展。从内外因两个层面分析高等学校信贷产生的原因,阐述高等学校贷款存在的现状及风险,并从事前、事中、事后三个环节提出加强高等学校信贷管理的对策。     

从比较的视角看我国高校学生助学贷款政策

通过其他国家和我国高校学生助学贷款政策内容及政策执行方面的比较,从制度的层面分析我国高校学生贷款政策需要完善的地方。借鉴其他国家的成功做法,对我国高校学生贷款制度提出建议。     

基于信贷配给模型的高科技中小企业融资能力提升机制研究

在综合考虑了影响高科技中小企业融资能力的因素,以及分别依据单个和多个借款企业情况的基础上,建立了信贷融资模型。据此分析了自有资产不足(包括现金、实物资产等担保品)、银行与企业的信息不对称等造成高科技中小企业融资难的深层机理。最后,根据研究结论,提出了解决高科技中小企业融资难可以采取的一些具体措施,并从数理方面证明了这些措施的合理性。