论多维贫困视角下我国农村多元化社会救助体系的建构

近年来,从多个维度而不是单一的收入维度来测量贫困和缓解贫困是学术界达成的一个重要共识。当前我国农村的社会救助体系建设还处于起步阶段,很少从制度构建上来关注除了收入贫困之外的其他贫困群体,这显然忽视了不同贫困类型群体间的差异性,难以满足人们不断发展的多元化需求。因此,在我国农村社会救助体系建构中引入多维贫困视角显得尤为重要。本文基于多维贫困理论及其衡量维度和指标对我国当前农村社会救助体系中存在的问题进行分析,尝试提出构建我国农村多元化社会救助体系的建议。     

论古代社会的弃婴救助

古代弃婴问题是社会民众面对生存困境的消极反映。历代王朝实力奉行,积极救助,在客观上起到了挽救生命的作用,但并未从根本上扭转此问题,助而有失、禁而不止。弃婴救助总体失败的症结在于养育的保障成本偏高。     

词典对假借与通假的处理

假借本无其字,通假是古人写的别字,词典的注音与释义需要对这二者有所区分。假借造字形成古今字,古字注音当以古代韵书作依据。今字音有变化的应注出区别;通假字今音与本字音不同,宜遵“读以本字”之训注本字音。假借造成古今字以不用“通”字为是。词典在通假义列立上错收与漏收较多,没有严格按通假义的概念去把握,没有注意通假时限,没有注重词义、声韵分析,对训诂术语缺少认识,盲目信从旧注,有的回避书证,避繁就简,大量歧异都缘于对通假义的认知。后起字之间的借用,词典可取用“通”字。     

1912～1949年汉语中的外来词考释

1912~1949年汉语外来词研究价值较大,研究难度比古代汉语大。本文运用排比归纳方法,考释了1912~1949年汉语中"波尔雪佛克主义""达因""卡路里""山姆大叔""苏维埃""YC团"等六个外来词。     

唐代社会保障体系的现代启示

唐代虽是我国封建社会的鼎盛时期,但因其生产力水平较低下,普通民众的生活仍较艰难,一旦出现天灾人祸,贫寒、饥困、病残、老弱等就成为严重的社会问题。如何消减社会中存在的不稳定因素,实现长治久安的统治秩序,是古今统治者所必须直面的社会治理问题。在吸取前人经验的基础上,以封建等级制度为背景,唐代建立了以封建政府为主导,包含家庭、家族、乡里村社及行会等其他社会自治组织和民间行为的多主体、多层次、水平较低的社会保障体系。对其进行法律史学研究,或能对当下社会保障制度的建立与完善起到借鉴作用。     

Student debt and wellbeing: a research agenda

ABSTRACT

With levels of student debt unprecedented and rising in many democracies, growing attention has been given by academics and practitioners to its possible effects for student wellbeing. This article makes three contributions to this debate. First, it offers a critical review of literature that considers the relationship of student debt and wellbeing to open up discussion about the dimensions, limitations and possibilities of the field. Second, the paper points to potential avenues for future research about student debt and wellbeing by considering indicative comments made by New Zealand university students as part of a series of in-depth interviews. Third, the article makes a practical contribution to current debates about the tuition ‘fees free’ policy in New Zealand. We argue that developing a more robust understanding of how student debt affects wellbeing may help to broaden and reinvigorate academic and public debate about student debt.     

Personal assistance: what happens to the arrangement when the number of users increases and new user groups are included?

Using data from two representative surveys among the users of personal assistance in Norway carried out in 2002 and 2010, this paper examines developments and consequences of a strong increase of users and an extension of the target group. Users with mobility impairments still dominate, but the proportion of people with intellectual impairments, brain injuries, and sensory impairments have increased. The ‘new' users seem to be allocated fewer hours compared with those who received personal assistance at the early stages of the arrangement. Still, most users experience an increase in their welfare arrangements, as compared with the situation before they received personal assistance. The user control of the arrangement seems to be preserved, but it takes more different forms. For a higher proportion of users, one of their relatives or a guardian acts as a manager of the assistance.     

甘肃省贷款增长与经济发展的实证分析

本文运用单位根检验、格兰杰因果检验等分析工具,通过搜集1985～2011年甘肃省各年GDP和贷款投放额度数据,对甘肃省信贷增长与经济发展的关系进行实证分析,结果表明甘肃省贷款对经济发展起到促进作用,而甘肃省的经济增长对信贷的促进作用却不明显。     

Negotiating poverty from midlife to pre-old age: a longitudinal study on social assistance recipients in Shanghai

The minimum living standard guarantee (MLSG) programme is part of the social security system in Mainland China designed to tackle urban poverty. To understand how the urban poor manage under this programme, this study interviewed 40 households receiving MLSG assistance in Shanghai. Our findings were as follows: (a) a large proportion of the interviewees who received MLSG assistance from the government were pushed to do so because of the massive layoffs during the economic reform; (b) the MLSG recipients were likely to be trapped in a poverty cycle from middle age up until they reached official retirement age.     

From Social Insurance to Social Assistance

In attempting to establish a social security system that would function to smooth the transition from a planned to market economy, the government of China has, for most of the time in the past decades, focused its efforts on setting up social insurance programs in the urban areas. Along with the emergence of urban poverty since the mid 1990s, the emphasis of the government has shifted to means-tested social assistance programs as the major means to combat poverty and maintain social stability. However, with the absence of more equitable social and economic policies that can protect people against the many risks associated with a market economy, the role of social assistance is very limited.