从全球文化融合看中华文化的主体自觉

全球文化融合的时代语境使文化的主体自觉问题日益凸显。20世纪中国文化发展的经验教训告诉我们,不可偏离人类文化普遍价值提倡中国文化的特色、风格与气派。中华文化应基于全球化的历史背景,在清醒的文化反思的基础上,通过与西方进行对话交流的方式为人类提供具有普遍意义的价值资源,使自身成为人类普遍文化价值中的重要元素。     

传承与超越：主观恶性说新诠解

主观恶性说有着悠久历史，在其历史嬗变过程中主要形成了义务侵害说、规范违反说及道德危害说等具体学说。主观恶性说的合理之处在于指出行为人主观上时法律的否定态度，而其疵瑕之处则是只强调对法律的遵守而轻忽法律的合理内涵，易造成恶法亦法，从而导致立法者暴政，故为维护公民基本人权，重构主观恶性说可谓势在必行。     

论人本观的三种历史形态

客体人本观、主体人本观、实践人本观是人类思想史上三种不同的关于人的生成、属性、地位、发展的思想体系，它们分别是从不同的视角出发，遵循不同的思维逻辑而形成确立的。     

The Psychophysics of Terror Attack Casualty Counts

In communicating the risk that terror attacks pose to the public, government agencies and other organizations must understand which characteristics of an attack contribute to the public's perception of its severity. An attack's casualty count is one of the most commonly used metrics of a terror attack's severity, yet it is unclear whether the public responds to information about casualty count when forming affective and cognitive reactions to terror attacks. This study sought to characterize the “psychophysical function” relating terror attack casualty counts to the severity of the affective and cognitive reactions they elicit. We recruited n = 684 Mechanical Turk participants to read a realistic vignette depicting either a biological or radiological terror attack, whose death toll ranged from 20 to 50,000, and rated their levels of fear and anger along with the attack's severity. Even when controlling for the perceived plausibility of the scenarios, participants’ severity ratings of each attack were logarithmic with respect to casualty count, while ratings of fear and anger did not significantly depend on casualty count. These results were consistent across attack weapon (biological vs. radiological) and time horizon of the casualties (same-day or anticipated to occur over several years). These results complement past work on life loss valuation and highlight a potential bifurcation between the public's affective and cognitive evaluations of terror attacks.     

语境中的主观因素及其对语篇话题的阐释

语用学和认知语言学中有关语境的研究均涉及到语境的主观因素。主观因素与交际者的主观意识有关,是一种心理现象,是一种认知表征,是语境构成的重要因素。话题是语篇分析中的一个重要概念,是解读语篇的关键所在。话题多以隐性形式存在于语篇中,对它们的解读需要借助语境中的主观因素,来激活相关的认知图式。语境中的主观因素对解读语篇话题有着重要的作用。     

全球视野中的本土化选择:近百年西方文论在中国

系统清理西方文论在中国的传播及影响 ,在我们当前文学理论研究中具有重大理论意义和强烈的现实针对性。近百年中国文论的现代化不宜简单等同于西化 ,本世纪西方文论在中国的三次大规模输入的性质、方向和特点各不相同 ,但大致沿着政治功利主义和审美主义两条逻辑线索展开 ,这是中国文论主动和积极地选择的结果。五四文学革命实际上并非和本土传统断裂 ,而是在西方文学思想的激发下 ,中国文学自身从中心到边缘的交互运动。在当前世界文论语境中 ,凝固、封闭和僵化的中国文论的民族本真身份已经不复存在 ,而开放、流动和融汇中西的中国文论正焕发出勃勃生机     

谈撤销权的成立要件

撤销权是债的扩张 ,是一种实体权 ,其成立要件即为实体要件 ,具体成立要件因不同情况而不同     

毛泽东主观能动性思想的历史考察

毛泽东非常重视主观能动性对于个人以及历史的积极作用,并希望籍此摆脱人在历史与客观规律面前的消极被动局面。这不仅是直接面对社会历史环境的选择,也是毛泽东哲学思想逻辑发展的必然。毛泽东主观能动性思想的历史发展可划分为青年时代、建国前以及社会主义建设时期3个时间段,每个阶段都有各自的特质,都与中国共产党人在不同阶段的革命和建设实践有着密切的关联。     

Bayesian Reanalysis of the Challenger O-Ring Data

A Bayesian forecasting model is developed to quantify uncertainty about the postflight state of a field-joint primary O-ring (not damaged or damaged), given the O-ring temperature at the time of launch of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986. The crux of this problem is the enormous extrapolation that must be performed: 23 previous shuttle flights were launched at temperatures between 53 °F and 81 °F, but the next launch is planned at 31 °F. The fundamental advantage of the Bayesian model is its theoretic structure, which remains correct over the entire sample space of the predictor and that affords flexibility of implementation. A novel approach to extrapolating the input elements based on expert judgment is presented; it recognizes that extrapolation is equivalent to changing the conditioning of the model elements. The prior probability of O-ring damage can be assessed subjectively by experts following a nominal-interacting process in a group setting. The Bayesian model can output several posterior probabilities of O-ring damage, each conditional on the given temperature and on a different strength of the temperature effect hypothesis. A lower bound on, or a value of, the posterior probability can be selected for decision making consistently with expert judgment, which encapsulates engineering information, knowledge, and experience. The Bayesian forecasting model is posed as a replacement for the logistic regression and the nonparametric approach advocated in earlier analyses of the Challenger O-ring data. A comparison demonstrates the inherent deficiency of the generalized linear models for risk analyses that require (1) forecasting an event conditional on a predictor value outside the sampling interval, and (2) combining empirical evidence with expert judgment.     

先秦儒家“天论”的演进及意义

如果说中国哲学的主题是“究天人之际”,那么先秦儒家的天论的演进便具有开拓性的意义。先秦儒家在天论演进的背景下追寻人人之为人,而非个人之为人的根据。从孔子的“命运之天”经孟子的“心性之天”达至荀子的“自然之天”,先秦儒家哲学的天论达到了那个时代所能够达到的思想高度,伴之而来的是天的神秘性渐趋消解,人的主体意识日益增强。