法定刑以下处刑核准制度的改革与完善

法定刑以下处刑核准制度,是立法者考虑到犯罪和法律适用的双重复杂性,为在特殊案件中做到量刑适当而作出的专门规定。但由于对何为＂特殊情况＂认识不一、核准程序繁琐、核准期限过长等原因,这一制度基本被虚置。＂许霆案＂之后,学界与实务部门改革完善这一制度的呼声渐高。应放宽实体标准,寻求自由裁量权与罪刑法定的平衡点,简化与完善核准程序,以消除程序的消极影响和制约。     

和谐传媒语言的构建

传媒语言是否和谐是大众传媒能否发挥作用的重要因素,不但关系到大众传媒的宣传报道功能、国民素质教育功能、文化审美功能能否顺利实现,而且还直接反映了一个国家、一个民族的语言文化水平.分别从语音、词汇、语法、语用等方面,对大众传媒的语言使用现状做了详尽的分析,并提出构建和谐传媒语言的基本途径,即语言政策是传媒语言和谐发展的有力支持;语言态度是传媒语言和谐发展的主观因素;语言规范是传媒语言和谐发展的内在要求;语用原则是传媒语言和谐发展的基本准则.     

Encouraging Safer Sex: Mediating and Moderating Effects on Condom Use Among Italian Girls

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The present study investigated the effects of condom availability, peer norms, and negotiation self-efficacy on girls’ perception of male condom use. Methods: Participants were presented with a vignette in which condom availability, peer norms, and negotiation self-efficacy were manipulated. Results: Condom availability and peer norms interacted in determining condom use, such that protected sex was more likely when a condom was available and when peer norms approved, rather than disapproved, of condom use. The effect of peer norms on condom use was mediated by intentions to use a condom and communication between partners about condom use. Condom communication, identified as a direct antecedent of condom use, was influenced by negotiation self-efficacy. Conclusions: These results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing risky sexual behavior should not only make condoms available but also address key psychosocial variables, such as peer norms. Condom communication should be taken into account as well, considering that it can be affected directly by negotiation self-efficacy and can be affected indirectly by peer norms.     

信访秩序的规范分析——以京津冀法规和规范性文件为样本

以京津冀地区的信访秩序规范为典型样本进行细致研究对其他地区具有一定的借鉴意义.随着法律规范的不断变迁,信访秩序的内容、形式、意义指向、语境等也发生了一些变化.信访秩序概念本身蕴含着信访工作秩序和信访活动秩序双向指向,但从具体条文规定看,信访活动秩序指向为重,信访工作秩序指向为轻.信访秩序从单纯追求社会整体的平稳（静态秩序）转变为追求社会整体平稳与个人内心平稳的均衡（动态秩序）是化解信访制度各种衍生肌瘤的重要途径,促进静态秩序向动态秩序的转变需要利益充分表达和民主协商.     

Campus Response to Novel Influenza H1N1

In the fall of 2004, a midwestern public university changed its tailgating policy from one that did not allow alcohol consumption to one that did. Objective, Participants, and Methods: The authors surveyed students before and after the policy change to measure consumption, problems, perceptions of peer consumption, and reported game attendance. Results: Results showed no change in drinking quantities or prevalence of problems after the policy change; however, there was an increase in students' misperceptions, with students overestimating drinking quantities and the number of students who drank while tailgating. Last, students' predictions about their game attendance if alcohol was allowed were higher than their reported attendance after the policy change. Conclusions: Conclusions suggest that although drinking quantities may not be influenced by policies at tailgating events, misperceptions may be influenced. Administrators should note that the policy did not affect students' self-reported game attendance.     

Food: Sustenance and Symbol

Abstract

College students often delay or avoid seeking testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), even if the services are readily available. We used in-depth, semistructured interviews to survey 41 college students aged 18 to 23 years about factors that influence decisions about STI testing. We grouped statements into 9 themes that represent influences on the decision. The most frequently mentioned factors were negative consequences of testing and perceived vulnerability to infection; other issues that influenced decision making included perceived benefits, perceived severity of diseases, public knowledge and opinion, social norms, provider characteristics, test-site characteristics, and personal considerations. Social stigmas and negative consequences appear to represent significant barriers to college students' being tested, which could increase the risk of spreading infections to others. Clinicians and health educators should raise students' awareness of the need for screening and should work to reduce the barriers to screening, including social stigmas and negative consequences.     

Perceived Norms and Alcohol Consumption: Differences Between College Students From Rural and Urban High Schools

Objective: The authors examined perceived norms and drinking among college students who attended high schools in rural and urban communities. Participants and Methods: Undergraduates (99 men and 85 women) who attended high schools in communities with populations ranging from less than 100 to more than 400,000 completed surveys assessing perceived norms and alcohol consumption. Results: Analyses revealed that students from smaller towns and in smaller high school graduating classes reported heavier drinking and that perceived norms were positively associated with drinking. Perceived norms were unrelated to population variables, and the relationship between perceived norms and drinking did not vary as a function of population variables. Results suggest that differences in drinking as a function of coming from more rural areas contribute to drinking behavior in college independently of perceived norms. Conclusions: College students may adjust to campus drinking norms relatively quickly, and longitudinal research would be useful in understanding this transition.     

Social Norms Theory-Based Interventions: Testing the Feasibility of a Purported Mechanism of Action

Social norms-based interventions targeting college student drinking behaviors have become increasingly popular. Such interventions purportedly modify student misperceptions of fellow student drinking behaviors, which leads to changes in individual drinking behavior. Despite claims of successful interventions, research demonstrating that social norms-based interventions modify student perceptions is lacking. Objective: The authors conducted a laboratory experiment examining the feasibility of this mechanism of action and aimed to determine the validity of the campus-specific drinking norms hypothesis. Participants and Methods: The authors randomly assigned 60 students to 1 of 3 research conditions: Alcohol 101 (national drinking norms), a didactic presentation of campus specific drinking norms, or a control condition. Results: Both intervention groups modified student misperceptions regarding peer alcohol use, and these changes were sustained 1 week later. Conclusions: Social norms-based interventions can contribute to more accurate drinking perceptions among college students.     

Unbecoming blackness: the diaspora cultures of Afro-Cuban America

This paper addresses the relationship between ageing, gender, cultural norms, and the constitution of gendered body-subjects. It briefly discusses three conceptual approaches which have been used to understand ageing, gendered body-subjects: postmodernist/social constructionist, psychoanalytic, and poststructuralist feminist. It is argued that the first two approaches are entrenched in dualistic modes of thinking, and therefore can never construct ageing gendered body subjects as other than through the dualistic discourse of decline and cultural devaluation in Western consumer cultures. The third, however, appears to hold some promise for a more just and flexible way of accounting for the integrity of, and culturally valuing, the gendered body-subject in old age. Examples from writings on dance are used to illustrate this argument.     

Legislation on the New Types of Cybercrime and Its Application

The new types of cybercrime have different features from traditional “cumulative crimes.” The application of the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law has run into difficulties, and the relevant theoretical explanations of substantive preparatory crime and being an accomplice in crime find it hard to achieve self-consistency. Legislation on the new types of cybercrime is a legitimate response to recent changes in this area. Utilizing the particular techniques of cybercrime and the circumstantial requirement of limiting the amount of criminal harm is the key to satisfying the conditions for offences warranting criminal punishment. The harmfulness of the new types of cybercrime is not great; the law’s circumstantial requirements are flexible, and the criteria for judicial application are unclear, so the law’s provisions are seldom invoked and the sphere of criminal activity is unduly expanded. In order to give full play to the effectiveness of this legislation, we should formulate reasonable judicial rules that accord with the constitution of cybercrimes, narrow down the constituent elements of such crimes in a reasonable way, and categorize and limit the interpretation of circumstantial requirements.