无权代理人归责中的代为履行问题研究——以民法总则第171条为视角

民法总则第171条第3款规定了无权代理人实施无权代理的代为履行责任,善意相对人有权在被代理人未予追认的情形下,选择直接向无权代理人主张履行债务或损害赔偿。代为履行责任与损害赔偿责任是性质截然不同的两种责任,前者是合同责任,后者则是一种侵权责任。代为履行责任承担实际上突破了合同相对性原理,其实质属于合同权利义务的概括移转,也即合同主体的变更。基于此种责任承担方式的特殊性,为了防止该责任承担违背代理制度本身的宗旨,法律有必要对某些情形下相对人的选择权予以限制。同时为了构建科学合理的无权代理人归责体系,法律有必要赋予无权代理人与相对人在不损及被代理人合法权益前提下的协商权。     

交易型平台企业规制中的相关市场界定——以网约车平台为例

网络平台交易是典型的双边市场交易。对平台企业横向集中的并购审查,核心工作是界定相关市场。聚焦于交易型平台的典型事实和特征,分析了基于价格变动的假定垄断者(SSNIP)测试的传统方法对双边市场界定的适用性。结果显示,SSNIP方法依然适用于交易型网络平台相关市场的认定。美团和高德等拥有类似用户流量的竞争企业不应划入相关市场。基于网约车平台数据,利用格兰杰因果检验、需求系统估计和临界弹性方法的分析发现,司机端和乘客端活跃用户规模互相影响,双边交叉影响的网络效应在4天后显现,线性和常弹性需求系统估计出的实际需求弹性均小于临界弹性,应当把包含司机端和乘客端的网约专车网络交易平台划为独立的相关市场。鉴于我国互联网平台已经积累了海量数据,反垄断执法机关在相关市场界定中结合定量方法可以提高界定分析的效率和准确性。     

电信通信能力与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于2003—2008年省际面板数据

利用2003—2008年国内30个省市的面板数据,建立和估计了包含电信通信能力指数的两因素生产函数模型。结果显示,电信通信能力变量的产出弹性为0.053,略低于劳动产出弹性。分区域考察表明,电信通信能力的产出弹性存在较大的区域差别,东部地区的电信通信能力对经济增长的促进作用远大于中部和西部地区。鉴于此,认为东部地区应继续加大电信投资,以提高电信通信能力;中西部地区应适度进行电信投资,使电信通信能力与经济发展相适应。     

劳动弹性的均衡估计法

中国经济的起飞吸引了全球经济学者的兴趣,同时也提出了许多新问题,西方经济理论,经济模型如何恰当地用于中国经济中去是最重要的问题之一。本文讨论西方经典增长理论和实际商业周期理论中重要参数——劳动生产弹性的一种估算方法,比较模型用于中国经济中后,参数的不同。同时也实证研究了中国经济中不同部门不同时间下参数变化的规律,并给出了解释。提出了个人对西方经济理论应用于中国经济中出现问题的一点看法。     

Taking a Chance? The Risks Associated with Going Missing from Substitute Care

This paper reports on a study of over 200 young people going missing from residential and foster care in four local authorities. The proportion of young people missing from residential care was high, ranging from 25 to 71% of all 11 – 16‐year‐olds in mainstream children’s homes. Two types of absence were identified: the ‘runaways’ profile (those who ran away or stayed out) and the ‘friends’ profile (those missing to be with friends). There were variations in levels of risk for different sub‐groups within the sample. Risks included immediate risks of victimization, sexual exploitation (including prostitution), offending and substance misuse. A longer‐term risk of detachment was identified among those going missing often, involving high levels of non‐school attendance, detachment from carers and involvement in offending and in substance misuse. Difficulties in the assessment of risk are discussed and approaches to managing risk for young people who go missing from substitute care are explored. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mix and match: planning to keep looked after children safe

The risks which children run from other children in substitute care have received little attention. However, if children's safety in care is to be maximized, then placement planning will need to focus on the risks and vulnerability of both the child to be placed and others already in the setting. It should also ensure that full information is given to the caregivers. In an interview sample of 40 looked after sexually abused and/or abusing young people aged 10 or over, most of the young abusers were placed in foster care and the majority of the sexually abused young people went into children's homes. However, in fewer than a third of these placements was consideration given to how the young person would fit in with others in that setting. This meant that the potential risks which that child posed to others or vice versa were not addressed. More worrying still, in just under half of the sample, no information about the young person's history of sexual abuse or abusing behaviour was given to the caregivers. This meant that caregivers were unable to plan to provide the level of supervision which might have averted a number of instances of abuse. When the whole histories of the sexually abused young people in the study were examined, it was found that half of them had abused another child at some stage, generally another child in care. This evidence suggests that the experience of sexual abuse should be regarded as an important risk factor in the later development of sexually abusing behavior and that local authorities need to fashion policies which emphasize the prime importance of social workers providing full information about children's backgrounds when placements are made. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人民币兑美元实际汇率与中美贸易收支关系的实证研究：基于人民币汇率改革以来的月度数据

在全球经济复苏的背景下,一些国家的贸易保护主义又开始抬头,关于中国对外贸易的问题又成为众人关注的焦点。文章基于人民币汇率改革以来的月度数据,通过构建VAR模型,运用单位根检验、Johansen协整检验以及误差修正模型等方法,对人民币实际汇率如何影响中国对美国的净出口作了实证分析。通过分析发现,人民币升值对改善中美贸易收支平衡状况存在显著影响,而从长期来看,改善中国贸易收支的关键在于中国经济的持续增长。     

宏观投资效益评价指标体系研究及实证分析

本文根据宏观投资活动中的投入产出关系,建立了以GDP为核心的宏观投资效益评价指标体系和以因素分析、边际分析和弹性分析为内容的评价方法体系,并据此对“八五”以来我国固定资产投资的宏观效益进行初步分析。     

中国城市居民劳动供给行为特征

经过40多年的改革开放和计划生育政策实施,我国城市居民家庭规模、家庭财富、受教育程度等影响劳动供给行为的因素均发生了巨大变化。这种变化对就业政策的制定和相关福利政策的实施都有较大影响。运用来自29个省市6675个城市家庭、8771个居民的调查数据对我国城市居民劳动供给行为进行了研究。结果表明:我国城市居民劳动供给曲线整体上呈现向右上方倾斜的特征,随着工资上涨,劳动者工作时间随之增长,但是工资弹性仅有0.52,处于缺乏弹性的区间;分类型看,女性、户主、受教育程度较低者工资弹性较大,对工资变动更加敏感;女性、户主、受教育程度较高者收入弹性更大,对收入变动更加敏感;分年龄阶段看,18—30岁的新生代劳动力工作时间受工资和非工资收入影响均不显著,31—45岁的劳动力比45岁以上劳动力工资弹性和收入弹性更高,对工资和非工资收入更加敏感。本文的研究结果对细化实施就业政策和制定相关福利政策具有一定启示作用。     

城镇居民不同收入水平的边际消费倾向与弹性比较分析

从协整分析的角度,研究了中国1992-2011年间城镇居民不同收入水平的消费收入函数、消费收入弹性函数以及误差修正模型。消费收入函数表明,中低收入居民的边际消费倾向较大,低收入居民的消费意愿较高收入阶层更为强烈。消费收入弹性函数表明,所有不同收入水平居民的消费收入弹性都小于1,都是低弹性,且缺乏弹性,说明中国城镇居民的消费很谨慎。误差修正模型表明收入在居民消费中起着关键性的作用,发挥了消费收入协整关系的引力线作用,能将非均衡状态拉回到均衡状态。