专业化生产的微观决策模型：两难冲突与市场协调机制

专业化生产由于减少产品数目的范围或生产过程的职能环节 (操作 ) ,而提高了劳动生产率 ,并且具有规模经济性。因而 ,专业化生产可以获得内在经济性。但是 ,随着专业化程度提高 ,交易中的内生和外生交易费用也会随之大大增加。为了揭示专业化分工中这种两难冲突的协调机制 ,必须探讨市场价格制度和各种中间组织形式对降低内生交易费用的意义     

土地法律制度的经济学分析

从经济学的角度看 ,土地法律制度的产生源与于土地交易费用的节约 ;土地法律制度的存在可以降低土地交易费用 ,提高经济效率 ,促进土地利用过程中外部性问题的内部化 ;土地法律制度的构成要素正式约束、非正式约束和实施机制都能影响其经济功能的实现 ,这些要素也正是土地法律制度改革和完善的主要内容。     

人力资本投资、沉淀成本与制度设计

由于人力资本投资时沉淀成本十分普遍,仅仅依靠市场制度实现经济价值并非最优。在这种情况下,需要采取其他非市场制度,其根本目的在于补偿沉淀成本。否则,因沉淀成本的存在会导致不同的经济后果:第一,因沉淀成本导致人力资本投资不足;第二,因沉淀成本导致人力资本既不增加投资也不减少投资,仅仅处于维持现况;第三,因沉淀成本导致人力资本投资过度,产生路径依赖。因此,需要相应的制度保障投资成本回收,尽量避免出现沉淀成本,不至于影响人力资本再生产过程,这是我们进行人力资本投资最根本的出发点。     

浅析信息产品的价格形成

以分析信息及信息产品自身的特殊性为切入点 ,从信息产品的使用价值与价值、信息产品的生产成本、信息产品的价格形成机制 3个方面对信息产品定价的理论基础进行了较为深入细致的理论分析 ,指出信息产品只能分件作价 ,其价格只能由转让双方在自愿互惠的基础上通过讨价还价来决定 ,这对我们深入理解信息产品的定价机理并发展信息产业具有一定的理论与现实意义     

制度的实施收益、实施成本和维持成本

制度的实施收益指它在实施中给个人带来的各种利益和效用,制度的实施成本指它在实施中给个人造成的各种损失或负效用.制度的维持成本则指实施该制度所引致的各种费用,包括纯粹的维持成本和防止成本.决定制度的实施收益、实施成本的主要因素为客观境况集合,价值观念和知识素质.制度的实施收益、实施成本在短期和长期中是不同的,其原因有适应过程,"花室"效应和一些因素的积累变化等等.维持成本的决定因素在于,制度本身的性质是否具有帕累托性质,是正式的还是非正式的;以及与其他制度的关系是互相匹配的还是不匹配的,以及制度的受益面和受损面之间的关系等.     

The effect of product variety on purchase probability

Regarding the effect of product variety on purchase probability, there exist findings which demonstrate a positive effect of variety for small assortments and a negative effect of variety for large assortments. Despite these results, little evidence exists about the causal mechanism of this effect. We conduct a field study among German consumer electronics customers to investigate the previously proposed constructs of anticipated product utility, anticipated regret and evaluation costs. The results suggest that anticipated regret and evaluation costs play a powerful role in explaining the negative link between variety and purchase probability for high variety assortments. Anticipated product utility on the other hand serves to explain part of the positive causality for low variety assortments. The results obtained give rise to recommendations for the planning of assortments.

From the Cradle to the Grave: Funeral Welfare from an International Perspective

This article reports on a pilot study examining funeral welfare for citizens from low income backgrounds. Through a review of funeral welfare provision in 12 capitalist democratic countries it seeks to inform the current system of state support in Britain, arguing that insufficient attention has been given to funeral costs as a policy issue. Mindful of the British welfare state's original ‘cradle to grave’ ethos, such attention is ever more pressing in light of rising funeral costs, an ageing population and projected increases in the death rate. Arguing that funeral costs are an issue of income support, the article draws on Esping‐Andersen's threefold welfare‐regime typology to situate the British system within a comparative study of funeral welfare that identifies similarities and differences both within and between the three welfare‐regime types. On the basis of an empirical example, the article further argues that systems of funeral welfare reflect the relationship between culture, politics and local practice. The findings indicate that the British system is hampered by a discourse of welfare dependency rather than entitlement, which stigmatises those who need support with funeral costs at a time when they are under pressure to ensure that the deceased person receives a ‘dignified’ send‐off.     

Apprenticeships in homelessness: a quantitative study

Training and education are acknowledged routes into employment, but they also entail risks of contemporaneous financial loss, and economic and social insecurity. This paper explores the specific risk of homelessness among apprentices and trainees, drawing on a survey conducted in South Australia in 2013. Housing has been largely overlooked by studies of the wellbeing of apprentices and trainees, and by explorations of the drivers of attrition rates that continue to plague Australia's training schemes. The data examined here reveal the high proportion of income that trainees spent on their housing; home moves motivated by the desire to reduce rental or mortgage payments; and a small proportion of learners who experienced periods of homelessness. Closer statistical analysis reveals that apprentices and trainees with past experiences of homelessness were disproportionately likely to be pursuing courses in retail and personal services, or in transport. They were also likely to be receiving Youth Allowance or AUSTUDY payments. We recommend better recording of apprentices' and trainees' housing situations and greater use of administrative data to improve our understanding and reduce the incidence of homelessness among this population.     

食品安全追溯研究

食品安全追溯是目前研究的热点,其存在的主要问题是追溯成本过高而且还要受供应链脆弱性的制约。在分析主要问题产生的原因和阐述中外食品安全追溯进展情况的基础上,提出了食品安全追溯的对策建议：改变食品流通方式,利用现代化交易手段;进一步完善食品安全追溯法律;进行食品安全追溯的绿色供应链设计,主要包括绿色设计、绿色材料的选取、绿色生产、绿色包装和运输、绿色营销以及绿色回收7个环节。     

汇率调整之谜:基于产业内贸易的新解释

在符合马歇尔—勒纳条件下,汇率调整可以平衡贸易差额的经典理论在实证上并没有得到很好的支持,学术界称之为“汇率调整”之谜.产业内贸易可以为“汇率调整之谜”提供新的解释,忽视产业内贸易对出口汇率弹性的影响是该谜题出现的重要原因.在理论分析基础上建立的实证模型,通过面板协整方法,可我国与包括美国、欧盟等36个国家和地区的出口贸易数据和分行业出口贸易进行检验.研究结果表明,不管是总体数据还是分行业数据,产业内贸易的存在均减弱了我国出口的汇率弹性效应,对于出口总体数据而言,其数值下降的幅度大约为九个百分点.由此可见,忽略产业内贸易的传统理论高估了汇率对出口贸易、国际收支的调节作用.