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91.
Making ends meet: perceptions of poverty in Sweden 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
B. Halleröd 《International Journal of Social Welfare》1995,4(3):174-189
During the era after the Second World War, Sweden has built a welfare system based on labor market participation and income maintenance. Low unemployment and decent wages are supposed to guarantee people a labor market income or income maintenance, which in turn should provide a proper standard for everyone. However, a rapid increase in unemployment and economic problems have made the future of the Swedish welfare state more uncertain than ever. These circumstances have, among other things, led to the suggestion that Sweden should abandon the income maintenance policy and create a social policy system with the more limited ambition of guaranteeing everyone a minimum income. In that case, one central question must be answered: what constitutes a decent minimum income in today's Sweden? Where should we draw the poverty line under which people will not be forced to live? These questions are central in the current debate. The consensual poverty line method is used in this article to derive a poverty line relevant for today's Sweden. The results shows that more than every fifth household has an income below the consensual poverty line. That is, they have an income that most Swedes would argue is too low to make ends meet. The level of the consensual poverty line was compared with the National Board of Health and Welfare's guidelines for social assistance. The consensual poverty line was shown to be more generous to small households and the norm for social assistance was more generous to larger households. Finally, the expenditure for guaranteeing all Swedish household a minimum income equal to the consensual poverty line was estimated: more than SEK 25 billion per year. The results in the article casts serious doubt on the ability of the Swedish welfare state to secure a decent income to all citizens. 相似文献
92.
Regina Thompson Paul H. Templet John K. Gamman Scott T. McCleary Margaret A. Reams 《Risk analysis》1994,14(5):857-861
The goal of Louisiana's 1990–1991 comparative risk project, also called the Louisiana Environmental Action Plan (LEAP), was to incorporate risk assessment into state environmental planning and policymaking. Scientists, government officials, and citizens were brought together to estimate the relative risk to human health, natural resources, and quality of life posed by 33 selected environmental issues. The issues were then ranked according to their relative estimated risks. It was hoped that this ranking of "comparative risks" would enable state policymakers to target the most important environmental problems and allocate scarce public resources more rationally and efficiently. As a result of the project, the governor issued an Executive Order forming a permanent Public Advisory Committee to continue this type of comparative risk assessment in Louisiana. 相似文献
93.
Given the fragmented structure of child‐care assistance in the United States, it has been difficult to obtain accurate estimates of which families are assisted, through which mechanisms, and at what level. Making use of survey data from New York City, we analyze the distribution of several forms of public child‐care assistance. Results suggest that about 40% of all families with young children receive some form of child‐care assistance. Considering all forms of assistance, the distribution of child‐care help is targeted in both expected and some unexpected ways. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of U.S. child‐care policies governing access and benefit levels. 相似文献
94.
清初治滇述论 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
邹建达 《云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,23(4):110-115
清朝初年,特别是平定“三藩之乱”后的二三十年间,是云南实现由乱到治的关键时期。清朝统治者在总结和借鉴历代治滇思想和治策的基础上,经过不断调整、充实,逐步形成了一套相对完整的治滇治策体系,其治策涉及云南的政治、经济、文化等领域,较为切合当时社会发展的实际,成为其后清朝统治云南的治边思想和治策。 相似文献
95.
陈锡禹 《云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,23(4):18-22
政策网络是政策机制的重要组成部分,东盟政策网络的结构和运作是其政治精英理性选择的结果,目的是使这个地区政策网络能满足一体化政策领域扩展的需要,并实现区域一体化进程中各成员国的利益最大化。 相似文献
96.
Many thousands of people in developing country cities depend on recycling materials from waste for their livelihoods. With the focus of the Millennium Development Goals on poverty reduction, and of waste strategies on improving recycling rates, one of the major challenges in solid waste management in developing countries is how best to work with this informal sector to improve their livelihoods, working conditions and efficiency in recycling.The general characteristics of informal recycling are reviewed, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. Despite the health and social problems associated with informal recycling, it provides significant economic benefits that need to be retained. Experience shows that it can be highly counterproductive to establish new formal waste recycling systems without taking into account informal systems that already exist. The preferred option is to integrate the informal sector into waste management planning, building on their practices and experience, while working to improve efficiency and the living and working conditions of those involved. Issues associated with integrating informal recycling into the formal waste management sector are discussed. 相似文献
97.
公益林补偿政策评价研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
陈钦 《福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,9(3):29-33
论述了公益林补偿政策评价研究的现状,分析了补偿政策评价的特点和存在问题,提出了解决问题的对策,并借鉴了美国联邦政府项目评价体系,提出了补偿政策的定性评价内容。 相似文献
98.
论以土地承包经营权抵押为特征的金融制度 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
施晓琳 《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,2(3):20-25
在我国建立以土地承包经营权为抵押的农村金融制度具有重要的现实意义 ,它能促进农地资源有效利用 ,提高农地利用的效益。目前世界上许多国家都建立了自己的农地抵押金融制度。根据我国实际情况 ,应消除现有法律上的障碍 ,设立类似于外国土地银行的政策性银行 ,主管我国的土地承包经营权抵押贷款金融制度 ,但在具体的抵押权规定方面 ,如对土地附着物的效力及抵押权实现方面应与一般抵押权制度相区别。 相似文献
99.
Alexandre Afonso 《Social Policy & Administration》2005,39(6):653-668
Throughout the twentieth century, Switzerland has been one of the OECD countries with the highest proportion of immigrants in its population. The aim of this article is to show how institutional factors have shaped the opportunities for change in immigration and immigrant‐employment‐related policies there in the 1990s. Whereas unemployment had remained low in the 1970s and 1980s, there was a marked increase at the beginning of the 1990s. Existing migration policies were considered a central cause of this increase, since the great majority of foreigners who had come and settled in Switzerland in the periods of economic expansion were low‐skilled, and were now over‐represented among the unemployed. The reforms undertaken in the field of immigration and integration policy to respond to these new problems have been determined by specific institutional factors: direct democracy, a defensive migration regime, the development of immigrant rights and the weak autonomy of the central state. These factors account to a large extent for the limited scope and specific pathways of policy reforms in these two domains. 相似文献
100.
王涛 《西安石油大学学报(社会科学版)》2003,12(3):8-12
我国当前的失业问题,其核心因素是供需双方的知识结构偏离,人力资源政策是解决失业问题的关键措施。 相似文献