扶贫政策的负外部性及其化解

在脱贫攻坚中,对重点贫困地区的精确瞄准与偏向投入,在一定程度上对非贫困县、非贫困村与非贫困户产生了必然的政策负外部性,表现为县域脱贫结构失衡、村庄帮扶悬崖效应与边缘人群争贫风险。究其原由,在公共政策过程中,竞争性的政策汲取、排他性的政策分配与分割性的政策评价是负外部性的三种发生机理。为此需要建立上下融合减贫机制,探索社区主导发展模式,拓展村民赋权参与空间,通过政策纠正、调适以消解和弥补政策负效应,强化政治决策与分配的正义性。     

再议规模经营中的粮食安全问题:争议回应与政策启示

在既定资源约束下实现粮食产出最大化是粮食生产安全的核心。而今旨在提升粮食竞争力的农业规模经营虽得到政府力推,却并非保障国家粮食安全的充分条件。在梳理规模经营与粮食安全保障相关争论的基础上,结合调研资料,依次回应了规模经营后农地是否大概率用于种粮、规模经营是否可持续以及规模经营能否保障粮食产量三个焦点问题。研究发现,与小农经营相比,规模经营与种植结构“非粮化”虽无必然联系,却存在规模经济不显著及单产提升乏力等问题。对此,一方面应强化小农扶持力度,巩固维系小农群体的粮食保障功能;另一方面应调整规模经营主体的政策干预结构,除非在规模经济与土地产出率不一致的情形下,应最大化避免对规模经营主体的直接干预,降低政策的扭曲效应,推动规模经济实现。     

“后扶贫时代”生态型贫困治理的“内卷化”风险及其防范对策

当前,我国生态扶贫主要目标任务基本完成,对于解决生态脆弱地区的贫困问题起到了积极作用,但在既有的生态扶贫进程中,局部地区仍然面临生态扶贫政策精准性和系统性存在不足、生态扶贫政策减贫成果巩固困难、生态脆弱地区贫困群体能力提升欠缺等困境,这成了“后扶贫时代”生态型贫困治理所要应对的挑战,其可能导致返贫、生态系统破坏和路径依赖等方面的生态扶贫“内卷化”风险,并将造成不利于治理能力提升和降低贫困群体获得感等危害。对此,需要准确识别这些风险,并通过适用保障型、激励型和培育型政策工具,优化“后扶贫时代”的生态型贫困治理,进而消除“内卷化”风险。     

中国货币财政政策有效性的比较检验

货币政策和财政政策是政府干预宏观经济最重要、使用最频繁的两大工具。改革开放以来,我国政府综合运用货币政策和财政政策调控经济运行,促进经济增长。为检验中国1978～2006年间经济增长中货币政策和财政政策有效性的差异性特征,应用脉冲响应函数研究它们之间的动态特性后发现:无论是短期还是长期,积极货币政策对于经济增长均有正效应,而积极财政政策仅在短期内有效,长期内呈现负效应且随时间推移逐渐显著。积极财政政策长期失效的原因有多方面,主要是财政支出的供给范围不合理和支出管理失控产生的效率损失。     

协商民主与政治参与——一种重要的扩大公民有序政治参与的民主形式

协商民主是一种重要的扩大有序政治参与的民主形式。其主要体现为：协商民主有利于整合政治过程中的利益冲突;有利完善政治系统的结构与功能;有利于形成科学和民主的公共决策;有利于促进参与型政治文化的形成。     

Intergenerational class mobility in contemporary Britain: political concerns and empirical findings

In Britain in recent years social mobility has become a topic of central political concern, primarily as a result of the effort made by New Labour to make equality of opportunity rather than equality of condition a focus of policy. Questions of the level, pattern and trend of mobility thus bear directly on the relevance of New Labour's policy analysis, and in turn are likely be crucial to the evaluation of its performance in government. However, politically motivated discussion of social mobility often reveals an inadequate grasp of both empirical and analytical issues. We provide new evidence relevant to the assessment of social mobility - in particular, intergenerational class mobility - in contemporary Britain through cross-cohort analyses based on the NCDS and BCS datasets which we can relate to earlier cross-sectional analyses based on the GHS. We find that, contrary to what seems now widely supposed, there is no evidence that absolute mobility rates are falling; but, for men, the balance of upward and downward movement is becoming less favourable. This is overwhelmingly the result of class structural change. Relative mobility rates, for both men and women, remain essentially constant, although there are possible indications of a declining propensity for long-range mobility. We conclude that under present day structural conditions there can be no return to the generally rising rates of upward mobility that characterized the middle decades of the twentieth century - unless this is achieved through changing relative rates in the direction of greater equality or, that is, of greater fluidity. But this would then produce rising rates of downward mobility to exactly the same extent - an outcome apparently unappreciated by, and unlikely to be congenial to, politicians preoccupied with winning the electoral 'middle ground'.     

EXPECTATIONS RELATING TO CHILDCARE AMONG FRENCH AND SWEDISH FAMILIES

This paper investigates how policy and values interrelate concerning expectations of childcare based on 80 interviews with 40 families with young children from France and Sweden, respectively. Upbringing, learning and socialization are important expectations among French parents. The results presented here are in line with educational goals that may have been influenced by policy. The findings suggest that France may, in terms of expectations on childcare, still belong to the conservative cluster as categorized by Esping-Andersen (1990 Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The three worlds of welfare capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.  [Google Scholar]), although family policy may differ from that of, for example, Germany and Italy in the same cluster. Swedish parents stress the importance of the individual child as well as pedagogy, thus, indicating compatibility between a parental wish for the individual development of the child and an emphasis on collective care in Swedish family policy.     

有效产业政策的具体准则构架

随着政策科学在西方的兴起,产业政策评估已经成为各国经济学家和政治学家共同关心的课题,并日益受到各国政府的重视。但对何为有效的产业政策,至今仍是一个需要进一步探讨的重要理论和实践问题。目前,最大多数人的最大福利原则、综合效应标准、生产力标准和国际竞争力标准是评价产业政策是否有效的原则和一般标准,本文拟在此基础上,试从产业政策的制定和执行两大环节中,以制约产业有效性的六个主要因素,来构架有效产业政策的具体准则。     

土地承包责任制现状评析

通过对土地承包责任制产生、发展及现状的考察和分析,论证了土地承包责任制是行之有效的制度形式,反驳了土地国有化和土地私有化的观点,指出正确的方法应是克服土地承包责任制的缺陷和不足,并予以改进和完善,以谋求社会和谐发展。     

论摩根索的威望政策理论

从概要介绍摩根索威望政策理论的主要内容入手,提出了对于该理论的再认识,并重点论述了这一理论对于中国发展的重要启示。总之,随着国际环境的发展变化,对于摩根索威望政策的认识应立足于新的国际条件而不断更新,尤其对于最大的发展中国家的中国来说,应该重视并合理地运用威望政策。