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Robin Pope 《Theory and Decision》1995,39(3):241-265
The terms negative utility of gambling and risk aversion conflate three things:
Factor (iii) has not been previously distinguished from (i). Factor (i) is regularly either confused with (ii) or ignored as elusive and unimportant. 相似文献
| (i) | Disutility from the mere act of taking a chance: i.e. negative effects that would not exist if there were no risk or uncertainty, effects which include serious business considerations such as the availability of loans — exemplified in von Neumann and Morgenstern's famous 1947 Appendix; |
| (ii) | Diminishing marginal utility of money: — exemplified in Bernoulli and Cramer's expected utility procedure; and |
| (iii) | A preference for safety: — exemplified in the rank dependent utility models of Allais, Lopes, Quiggin and Yaari. |