New methodologies for the 2001 Census in England and Wales

This paper looks at the significant innovations that are being introduced into the 2001 Census in England and Wales. Whilst the traditional concept of collecting information from each person and household in the country at a fixed point is being adhered to, in virtually every other respect the Census in 2001 will be very different from those that have preceded it.     

Different Storks for Different Folks

SUMMARY

When gay and lesbian couples decide to become parents, they are unique as a group in always requiring the involvement of a facilitating other: a donor, surrogate, or (in the case of adopted or foster children) birth parents. This clinical paper explores common psychological and social challenges gay and lesbian couples face when using alternative reproductive technologies to attain parenthood. Between the wish and the actuality of being at home with their baby, gay and lesbian parents travel a long and winding road of choices and chances taken. The parenting partners often consist of one biological and one non-biological parent. Issues of psychological/emotional parenthood as opposed to merely biological parenthood (including assumptions of potential inequality or differential legitimacy) must be reconciled in the minds, couple relationships, family of origin relationships, and friendship support systems of the partners before and after the child's birth. The family must also navigate others' questions and assumptions as they venture ever further beyond their intimate circle and as their growing child forms relationships with peers. Specific guidelines are offered for helping couples surmount these psychosocial challenges.     

人格尊严视角下代孕技术的伦理审视

目前我国对代孕技术采取全面禁止的态度是伦理学界争议较大的问题之一。生育和人类的繁衍作为人类基本的一项权利,应当在社会中得到尊重,得到法律的保护。文章从“人格尊严”的视角出发,对代孕技术中涉及的委托父母、代孕母亲进行伦理审视和研究,从其人格尊严的价值层面寻找对代孕技术在计划生育政策条件下有限开放的伦理论证。     

On the coloniality of work: Commercial surrogacy in India

Relations of domination and subjugation in work manifest as class differentiation, but, more crucially, become intensified along lines of gender, sexual and racial difference. This circumstance, I suggest, is neither accidental nor incidental. It is a historical effect of colonial logic that postulates gender, sexual and racial Others as ontologically, and hence ethically, different. The articulation of difference as such legitimizes gender, sexual and racial Others as sites of domination and exploitation, and thereby naturalizes them as objects of subordination in work. This circumstance may be described through the analytic of coloniality. The aim of this paper, then, is to explicate the coloniality of work as a means to comprehend the persistence of inequality and subjugation in its global organization. Specifically, it underscores the imperative of confronting the ontological production of gender, sexual and racial difference in the creation of relations of domination and subjugation, and thus, in the institution and operation of work qua work. I demonstrate the political urgency of such engagements through a discussion of commercial surrogacy in India.     

Religious Affiliation,Religiosity, and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Parenting

Legalizing marriage and facilitating access to parenting for same-sex couples are controversial subjects in many countries. Based on a survey of 1,861 French heterosexual students, this study examined the effects of gender, methods gays and lesbians use to become parents, religious affiliation (Catholic vs. no religious affiliation), and religiosity (in Catholic participants) on attitudes to same-sex parenting. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 66 (M = 22.27, SD = 5.20), 67% were women, 31% described themselves as Catholic, and 69% had no religious affiliation. The results based on generalized estimating equation analyses indicate that women were more favorable to same-sex parenting than men and that participants across religious groups preferred “traditional” families composed of two, different-sex parents who do not use medically assisted procreation. Of all the methods same-sex couples use to become parents, respondents preferred adoption and rejected surrogacy. Furthermore, Catholic participants were less favorable of same-sex parenting in general than participants without religious affiliation. Higher levels of religiosity intensified that rejection. Gender does not mitigate this effect for Catholic participants, suggesting that religiosity plays a major and independent role in shaping attitudes to same-sex parenting.     

代孕的伦理问题与社会规制

代孕可分为不同的情况,目前学界有许多支持和反对代孕的理由。文章从进化论和基因伦理以及整体性与个体性的关系三个方面分析了代孕的伦理争论,提出在合理的限度内应当满足人的生育需求,实现人的生育权,但是当代孕过程耗费了大量的社会医疗资源的时候,当个人的生育权与人类社会的整体优化发生严重矛盾冲突的时候,个人的生育权应当受到限制,并提出了若干我国防范代孕的社会规制措施。     

Surrogacy Wars: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Reproduction

ABSTRACT

State regulation of reproductive practices secure the heterosexual infrastructure of kinship through means that include elitization, institutional hostility, and plain criminalization. This article draws on personal experiences of gay fathers through transnational gestational surrogacy in Spain to show the extent to which that is the case even in those contexts where some gay and lesbian kinship rights are available. Public and academic debates on the possible regulation of gestational surrogacy will be analyzed through the lens of Gayle Rubin’s intervention in the sex wars that divided feminism in the 1980s, with which contemporary anti-surrogacy movements show crucial genealogical links. In addition, in order to unearth some gendered assumptions on the ahistorical link between surrogacy and motherhood, the role of the gestational carrier will be read in relation to the figure of the “bad mother.”     

“代孕”行为的法理分析

“代孕”行为实际上是把传统的生育方式转化为医学制造产业,即一种纯粹技术化的身体活动。原本神秘而高贵的生命就像其他物品一样,可以通过金钱、技术和契约方式生产。“代孕”行为的出现冲击了传统的家庭婚姻法律制度和观念,带来一系列社会问题。学术界的争论一直存在,赞成与反对的声音此起彼伏。     

人工生殖法律问题研究

人工生殖技术的出现给不孕男女带来了福音,但同时也带来了诸多问题,其中最主要的是人工生殖子女的权利地位以及如何平衡各方当事人利益.本文主要从人工生殖的定义、分类、子女的地位权利等方面论述人工生殖法律问题,同时浅析代孕这一我国法律所禁止的的问题和我国应如何明确立法保障人工生殖各方当事人的合法利益,使各方当事人之间的关系都纳入到法律的轨道上.     

The Regulation of Exploitation

Feminist scholarship on exploitation in assisted reproduction focuses primarily on structural inequalities in society and, particularly, within the medical system. This approach most often determines that these technologies are universally oppressive toward women. This discourse, while valuable, overlooks the interaction between universal structural forces and local conditions that, together, shape exploitation within fertility medicine. This project provides an analysis of the local conditions that shape exploitation in surrogacy arrangements in Israel and the United States. The comparison focuses on the selection and compensation of surrogates to analyze the impact of local forces that define certain practices and regulations as exploitative. By providing a context-specific account, this project identifies the need to address exploitation through an analysis of the local experience of exploitation that occurs within an oppressive universalistic system. Thus, it introduces a framework that can be used to analyze the interaction between universal and local forces that lead to exploitation in surrogacy arrangements.