Field of study variation throughout the college pipeline and its effect on the earnings gap: Differences between ethnic and immigrant groups in Israel

This study demonstrates the analytical leverage gained from considering the entire college pipeline—including the application, admission and graduation stages—in examining the economic position of various groups upon labor market entry. The findings, based on data from three elite universities in Israel, reveal that the process that shapes economic inequality between different ethnic and immigrant groups is not necessarily cumulative. Field of study stratification does not expand systematically from stage to stage and the position of groups on the field of study hierarchy at each stage is not entirely explained by academic preparation. Differential selection and attrition processes, as well as ambition and aspirations, also shape the position of ethnic groups in the earnings hierarchy and generate a non-cumulative pattern. These findings suggest that a cross-sectional assessment of field of study inequality at the graduation stage can generate misleading conclusions about group-based economic inequality among workers with a bachelor’s degree.     

数据要素扩大还是缩小了流通企业内部收入差距？

数据不仅是促进“数实融合”的关键要素,也深刻影响着国民收入分配。基于2012—2021年中国A股上市流通企业数据,检验了数据要素对流通企业内部收入差距的影响及其机制。研究发现,数据要素能够显著缩小流通企业内部收入差距,且通过提高要素产出效率和提升就业创造水平两条路径缩小了流通企业内部收入差距。异质性分析结果表明,数据要素更能缩小技术密集型、生产性和高端流通企业的内部收入差距,但会扩大劳动密集型和普通流通企业的内部收入差距。进一步研究发现,数据要素规模越大越能缩小流通企业内部收入差距,且该缩小作用在时间趋势上呈现“先增强,后减弱,再增强”的特征。因此,应进一步畅通数据要素供给渠道,加大数据要素供给规模和拓宽数据要素应用场景,不断缩小流通企业内部收入差距。     

Math-oriented fields of study and the race gap in graduation likelihoods at elite colleges

This study examines the relationship between chosen field of study and the race gap in college completion among students at elite colleges. Fields of study are characterized by varying institutional arrangements, which impact the academic performance of students in higher education. If the effect of fields on graduation likelihoods is unequal across racial groups, then this may account for part of the overall race gap in college completion. Results from a large sample of students attending elite colleges confirm that fields of study influence the graduation likelihoods of all students, above and beyond factors such as students’ academic and social backgrounds. This effect, however, is asymmetrical: relative to white students, the negative effect of the institutional arrangements of math-oriented fields on graduation likelihood is greater for black students. Therefore, the race gap is larger within math-oriented fields than in other fields, which contributes to the overall race gap in graduation likelihoods at these selective colleges. These results indicate that a nontrivial share of the race gap in college completion is generated after matriculation, by the environments that students encounter in college. Consequently, policy interventions that target field of study environments can substantially mitigate racial disparities in college graduation rates.     

由《麻尼台》看井石的创作

本文以井石的《麻尼台》、《张八爷淘金记》等作品为对象,探讨了他的创作风格。认为作者对乡土的挚爱使他的作品带有鲜明的地方色彩,但是过于狭隘的眼界也影响了其创作。     

Longitudinal predictors of reading achievement among at-risk children

Early exposure to multiple risk factors is related to an elevated risk for academic difficulty. Thus, it is important to promote academic resilience as early as possible and to identify factors that support resilience. Given the positive relation between early literacy skills and later academic outcomes, examining resilience in reading is important. This study examined, first, whether the reading gap widens or narrows for below-average and above-average, at-risk children during the first four years of school; and, second, what protective factors predict reading achievement over time from kindergarten through the end of third grade. Results indicated that as a group, low-achieving children made smaller gains in reading than high-achieving children over the first four years of school. In addition, participation in center-based prekindergarten care, plus more access to books in the home, better interpersonal skills, and fewer poor physical conditions immediately surrounding elementary schools served as protective factors for at-risk children's early literacy development.     

The Social Ecology of Race and Ethnicity School Achievement Gaps: Economic,Neighborhood, School,and Family Factors

This study used a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students to examine the degree to which economic, neighborhood, school, and family factors contributed to three points on a proposed school outcome continuum: (1)avoidance of problem behavior, (2)sense of school coherence, and (3)grades. Multilevel models were employed to account for the clustering of students inside schools. Results suggested that though family and neighborhood social factors contribute to variance in school outcomes, family and neighborhood economic factors revealed the largest potential to explain and therefore present leverage points to reduce race and ethnicity achievement gaps.     

杭州市城乡消费差距、消费结构分析及政策建议——基于2002—2008年数据的分析

进入21世纪后,杭州市城乡居民消费水平、消费结构都有不同程度的提高,但城乡居民消费水平差距、消费行为差异依然明显。杭州市城乡居民消费数据的分析结果显示：两者消费结构呈现明显的二元结构,在食品、居住、衣着、服务性消费方面存在着较大差距;农村居民的平均消费倾向较低;城乡消费水平差距有扩大的趋势。因此,必须从根本上提高低收入人群的收入、消费水平,尤其是提高农村居民的收入、消费水平,促进消费结构优化升级。     

我国农民的社会分层结构和特征--一个基于全国1185分调查问卷的分析

改革开放二十多年来,我国农民的社会阶层分化进一步深入,不同职业农民之间的收入存在较大差异。在陆学艺、张厚义对农民社会阶层划分标准的基础上,以职业为基础,以不同职业农民的收入为主要依据,结合农民对不同职业的美誉度,农民的社会阶层可以进一步归结为上层、中上层、中下层和下层四个大类。从总体看,目前我国农村的社会阶层结构是一个“类金字塔”型结构,而且,农村的社会阶层分化正在进行当中。     

贫富差距问题的研究方法探讨

贫富差距不同于收入差距,不能仅仅依赖经济学方法,而要借助多学科方法,从多维视角观察和研究。中国的贫富差距,从总体上看是在不断扩大;从城镇居民之间、农村居民之间、城乡居民之间、地区之间四个维度的表现看存在明显差别,其核心是城乡差距和地区差距。用基尼系数方法来分析中国的贫富差距,并不完全适合中国国情,不能作为衡量问题的唯一尺度。     

鲁迅为什么不看重《阿Q正传》--兼论国民性批判写作与启蒙主义之关系

鲁迅对<阿Q正传>的较低评价长期以来遭到了遮蔽.该文抉发有关文学史实,从创作主体自我评价、史家评述两方面证实了这一问题,并进而分析了其产生原因及其对20世纪文学的客观影响.该文认为,以<阿Q正传>为代表的五四启蒙文学之所以陷入客体化、非人化的写作误区,既是启蒙宗旨与国民性批判表述模式之间固有的缝隙所致,也与儒家传统的君子哲学深有关联.这一局限深刻地制约了20世纪中国文学的良性发展.