带刺的玫瑰——论余华小说的寓言性特征

作为先锋派的代表作家,余华以其特殊的审美视角和写作风格给文坛带来一股强烈的冲击波。他的小说不以故事的曲折见长,而是以内蕴的丰厚别具一格。他的小说运用了寓言以此喻彼的思维模式和夸张、讽喻、变形、荒诞等寓言的写作手法,才使其能在先锋派诸多优秀作家中脱颖而出,尤其在20世纪90年代引起了评论界的广泛关注,在读者中也是好评如潮。从寓言化的角度来观照余华的小说创作,分析他的小说与寓言之间千丝万缕的联系,以此为突破口,找到一个新的理解余华小说的视域。     

蒙古文化的一种浓缩形式及其象征意蕴——对蒙古族那达慕文化的象征主义人类学解读

蒙古族那达慕文化是一种具有800年传承历史的民俗文化活动,是一种完整承载古老游牧文化和充分体现蒙古人的民族精神、性格气质的浓缩形式。它早已形成特有的内涵和自在模式,并通过其核心的、标志性的文化要素表达着深刻而丰富的象征意蕴。     

SiC MESFET非线性模型及其嵌入研究

基于TOM直流I-V模型和Angelov非线性电容模型,该文建立了适合SiC MESFET的非线性模型,并利用符号定义器件(SDD)实现了在安捷伦ADS软件中嵌入,最终建立了SiC MESFET工艺的模型库。该非线性模型考虑了击穿特性、色散效应和自热效应等,可进行直流、散射S参数和谐波平衡等ADS软件中的仿真器。该模型在国内SiC MESFET工艺线上的验证结果表明模型具有较好的精度。     

浅析《魔法的粉笔》中的象征意义

日本现代派作家安部公房的作品受到了西方存在主义哲学的影响。在《魔法的粉笔》中,＂氩先生＂象征着处于困境又不甘于命运的摆布,遂借助想象来获得某种程度的精神解脱的可悲的现代人。＂夏娃＂是现实的化身,象征着当时社会里,思想上冷酷与拜金、行动上虚伪与莽撞的现代人。粉笔是权力的象征,是连接＂氩先生＂与现实和新世界的重要工具。封闭的小屋和墙壁象征封闭的社会,以及这种社会中的人际关系和人的孤独感觉。     

承认的社会构成

霍耐特的承认理论是当代最受重视的社会理论之一。然而,在霍耐特援用米德的理论将承认概念加以社会理论化的工作中,没有进一步探讨社会互动,使得他的承认理论存在内在缺陷。对此,本文尝试进一步从社会互动的生成分析出发,探讨承认的社会构成。通过对承认的社会构成机制的分析,可以将承认明确定义为一种社会互动,其中,由于行动者因与其他行动者有相同、或被接受的观念与实践方式,故有可能被其他行动者同意该行动者的存在价值,使之能获得所需的社会行动的支持。一方面,霍耐特的理论内在缺陷可以从社会学的角度在一定程度上得以弥补;另一方面,经修补之后,也可望让承认理论为社会学提供新的研究视角。     

Symbolic Boundaries and Collective Violence. A New Theoretical Argument for an Explanatory Sociology of Collective Violent Action

The sociology of violence still struggles with two critical questions: What motivates people to act violently on behalf of groups and how do they come to identify with the groups for which they act? Methodologically the article addresses these puzzling problems in favor of a relational sociology that argues against both micro‐ and macro‐reductionist accounts, while theoretically it proposes a twofold reorientation: first, it makes a plea for the so called cognitive turn in social theory; second, it proposes following praxeological accounts of social action that focus on the dynamic interpenetration of cognition and socio‐cultural practices. The argument is that symbolic boundaries constitute the “missing link” that allows for overcoming the micro‐macro gap in violence research: Symbolic boundaries can cause people's participation in collective violence by providing the essential relational resources for violent action and by triggering the cognitive/affective mechanisms necessary for social actors to become drawn into mobilization processes that can cause their engaging in coordinated attacks on sites across the boundary. The article offers a new theoretical argument by drawing on knowledge from violence research, social action theory and cognitive science allowing for a non‐reductionist theory of action that explains how and why people engage in collective violence.     

A Different Kind of Whiteness: Marking and Unmarking of Social Boundaries in the Construction of Hegemonic Ethnicity

This article proposes a new theoretical approach to the analysis of hegemonic ethnicity through an examination of the construction of white ethnicity among Ashkenazim (Jews of European origin) in Israel. Contrary to the theory of symbolic ethnicity, I argue that “Ashkenaziness” in Israel is not an optional, voluntary identity; rather, it is constituted by employing narratives that continually establish cultural, color‐based, and ethnic boundaries between Ashkenazim and Mizrahi Jews. In certain social and ideological circumstances, however, boundary marking is not enough to maintain a privileged status. From the narratives of Ashkenazi Jews—the Israeli version of whites—it emerges that not only do they demarcate social boundaries between themselves and other groups, thereby preserving the ethnic hierarchy, but they are constantly engaged in blurring or erasing these same boundaries, allowing Ashkenazim to remain a transparent, unmarked social category. This dual practice of marking and unmarking is a result of the tension between the Jewish‐Zionist and Western‐secular images of the state. While Israel's Jewish discourse supposedly negates intra‐Jewish ethnic conflicts, the Western ideal identifies Ashkenazim with the state, thus solidifying their power and preserving their privileged status.     

Introduction to the Current Commentaries

ABSTRACT

Despite federal and state laws and policies aimed at preventing sexual misconduct by school employees, one in ten American students will experience sexual abuse or misconduct at the hands of a K-12 school employee. To explore why such sexual misconduct continues to occur, this study examined the effectiveness of education policies by investigating whether and how school employees understand these policies, how they are implemented, and how loopholes may undermine their intent. This qualitative case study was conducted in three Virginia school districts and included 46 semi-structured interviews with school district employees and county, state, and federal government employees associated with cases of school employee sexual misconduct, and extensive document analysis of school policies and procedures, laws, and court records. Analyses revealed an absence of policy implementation, demonstrated most seriously by a lack of awareness and understanding of policies among school employees, underreporting, and ineffective data collection. The study also identified a number of loopholes in the implementation of policies, resulting from a mismanaged intergovernmental system. The analysis suggests that understanding and implementation of policies meant to prevent sexual misconduct by school employees are fragmented; this fragmentation may be contributing to the continued prevalence of sexual misconduct by school employees.     

An Exploratory Study of the Meaning of Marriage for African Americans

Using specific tenets from symbolic interactionism as a frame, we asked 31 African Americans (18 women and 13 men) including students as well as nonstudents, across a variety of types of relationships and ages, what marriage meant to them. Two major themes, commitment and love, emerged from qualitative content analysis of the meaning of marriage. Other themes, including partnership/friendship, trust, family, and covenant, also emerged as themes, although less frequently. The overwhelming meanings of marriage were positive, with only a few negative instances (i.e., marriage as unnecessary and not fulfilling). Supportive qualitative data are presented for each theme. We discuss implications for the meaning of marriage for African Americans.