农村劳动力转移与农民收入增长关系的探讨

供给理论是西方经济学的基本理论，本文把这一经济学的基本理论结合中国现阶段实际，阐述了限制农产品产量不能增加中国农民收入，只有转移农村劳动力，在转移劳动力中，发展区域优势行业、畜牧、水产养殖业，加大劳动力输出力度，加快小城镇建设，发展乡镇企业，提高乡镇企业的效益，才能使中国农民增收。     

论“音近”异形词

《第一批异形词整理表》未涉及音近异形词。音近异形词问题似乎是一个无人发表过比较系统的看法的难题。语言事实证明普通话中确实存在着读音相近的异形词,异形词的音近都是由音同转化而来的,它可以从口语音变、古今音变、方言音变中找到同音的根据,还可以从外语中找到音同的根据。解决异形词音近问题应以语音事实为根据。只要能找到音同的根据,便可纳入异形词规范范围。     

青年教师队伍的现状分析及对策

青年教师是高等学校教师队伍的主体,在市场经济大潮冲击下,青年教师队伍存在学历层次偏低、学缘结构不合理、年轻学者缺乏、专业素质不高等问题.笔者试图提出通过结合学校发展战略,狠抓师资规划落实,加强学科建设,培养创新人才等六项措施来加强青年教师队伍建设.     

我国生态公益林补偿的法律制度构造及实施机制创新 ——兼析广东省相关政策与立法实践

建立森林生态效益补偿制度,是实现森林生态价值,发挥森林作为生态环境建设主体作用的必然选择。 我国的生态公益林补偿制度经历了一个从政策调整到国家立法调整以及地方立法试点的渐进过程。但相关的政策法律机制仍存在需要解决的问题,特别是合理设计生态公益林效益补偿的投入与利益保障机制,是关系到能否全面推进生态公益林建设的关键。该文通过分析现有公益林补偿政策立法的现状,结合广东的相关实践情况,提出我国生态公益林补偿的法律制度的创新设计思路。     

Comparison of sample size formulae for 2 × 2 cross‐over designs applied to bioequivalence studies

We consider the comparison of two formulations in terms of average bioequivalence using the 2 × 2 cross‐over design. In a bioequivalence study, the primary outcome is a pharmacokinetic measure, such as the area under the plasma concentration by time curve, which is usually assumed to have a lognormal distribution. The criterion typically used for claiming bioequivalence is that the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the means should lie within the interval (0.80, 1.25), or equivalently the 90% confidence interval for the differences in the means on the natural log scale should be within the interval (?0.2231, 0.2231). We compare the gold standard method for calculation of the sample size based on the non‐central t distribution with those based on the central t and normal distributions. In practice, the differences between the various approaches are likely to be small. Further approximations to the power function are sometimes used to simplify the calculations. These approximations should be used with caution, because the sample size required for a desirable level of power might be under‐ or overestimated compared to the gold standard method. However, in some situations the approximate methods produce very similar sample sizes to the gold standard method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical Analysis of Heat Waves in the State of Victoria in Australia

The recent blistering heat waves of 2009 in the state of Victoria in Australia were so unprecedented in terms of duration and intensity that society was largely unprepared. These heat waves caused serious health, social and economic problems. In this paper, the daily maximum temperatures at ten selected stations are studied. Auto‐regressive integrated moving‐average models are used to prewhiten the time series. Uncorrelated, non‐normal and heavy‐tailed residuals are analyzed by means of a new skew t‐mixture distribution. The number of mixture components is effectively determined by an innovative penalisation procedure. It is shown that the resulting skew t‐mixture models provide an acceptable fit in all cases. Possible future temperature patterns are obtained through simulation. It is forecast that the average duration of high temperature episodes will increase by two to three days per year and a new eight‐year high temperature level is very likely in the coming few years. The relationship between heavy tail behaviour of the fitted distribution and heat waves is noteworthy.     

On the convolution of normal and t random variables

The need for the convolution of normal and Student's t random variables arises in many areas. Since the 1930s, various authors have attempted to derive closed-form expressions for the probability density function (pdf) of the convolution, but with little success. Here, general closed-form expressions are derived for the pdf.     

Estimation of the parameters of a general student’s t distribution

We have observations for a t distribution with unknown mean, variance, and degrees of freedom, each of which we wish to estimate. The major problem lies in the estimate of the degrees of freedom. We show that a relatively efficient yet very simple estimator is a given function of the ratio of percentile estimates. We derive the appropriate estimator, provide equations for transformation and standard errors, contrast this with other estimators, and give examples.     

Tail Behavior of the General Error Distribution

An inequality on the tail behavior of the general error distribution and an asymptotic Mills-type ratio are established. Two applications are provided. The first application considers the asymptotic behavior of the ratio of probability densities and the ratio of the tails of the general error and normal distributions. The second application establishes the asymptotic distribution of the partial maximum of an independent and identically distributed sequence from the general error distribution.     

A linear algebraic algorithm for reducing the support size of t-designs and to generate a basis for trades

A simple linear algebraic algorithm to generate a basis of the null space of a given integral matrix is utilized to present a computer algorithm, which in general, is used to reduce the support size of a given design as in a theorem of FoodyHedayat (Theorem 4.1, 1977), and in particular, it is used to produce a basis for trades. The computations based on this algorithm is of order of a polynomial function.