非形式逻辑或论证逻辑：论证型式

作为非形式逻辑和论辩理论核心主题的论证型式，也日益成为论辩的人工智能方法关注的焦点。论证型式表征日常论证的常见合情论证模式，它是一种语用结构，往往表达为可废止的肯定前件式。在一些人工智能学者看来，这些论证型式是和演绎论证形式并肩而立的推论规则。论证型式的规范力源于避免语用不一致的理性要求。这种规范力不仅和某种型式的结构有关，而且更由适宜使用该型式的环境加以保证。这些环境条件用匹配的批判性问题加以刻画。批判性问题一方面向论证者警示了某种论证型式可能会遭到弃用的可能的环境条件，另一方面也向挑战者暗示了攻击该型式的切入点。满足批判性问题要求的论证型式将生成有利于结论的一个假设。在对话中，恰当地使用论证型式的一个团体，将把证明责任转移到另一团体。然而，如果论证型式的适宜使用的环境条件不能被保证的话，论证型式就蜕变为谬误。大多数所谓的非形式谬误正是论证型式的不恰当使用的后果。     

MODEST CHANGES,BIG REVOLUTIONS

In this paper we propose a psychosociological critical theory, which can be applied modestly in particular contexts such as families, organizations and communities. We use discourse analysis as an empirical action-research method, able to study and see families as protagonists with their own history and local culture. We have developed two methodologies, analysis of dominant and alternative discourses and a dialogue based on naïve questions, which have allowed the creation of a link between individual problems and social issues, and have empowered people to do something for themselves and their community. Our methodologies have led us to create a critical and reflective research to resolve psychological problems in families and, at the same time, change the attitudes of their members to more complex social problems, such as gender discrimination, violence, impunity, asymmetric power relations and racism. We propose that social researchers, in particular in Latin America, will take a reflective, critical and political stance, aimed not only at developing knowledge, but also at promoting socio-cultural changes for the families and their communities as a part of the political transformation of society.     

利用有色浓淡斑点进行三维空间位置测试

提出有色方向符号匹配法，提出有色浓淡斑点，并利用顶点处配置了有色浓淡斑点的三角形标示进行空间位置测试。     

中学物理考试的解题和命题

本文探讨物理考试的解题和命题的一般规律和操作方法，以寻求它们与能力的衔接所在。     

刘永济《天问通笺》平议

刘永济在批判继承前人《天问》研究的基础上,以圆融通博的学术积淀和阙疑存异的适度解读,以及知人论世、“了解同情”的研究态度与方法,为《天问》研究的持续推进作出了不可磨灭的贡献.     

地方本科院校市场营销专业人才培养问题和对策研究

企业要想在激烈的竞争中生存下来，对市场营销人员的需要便不再是可有可无的了。但是目前地方本科院校在市场营销专业人才的培养上存在着很多问题，致使培养的人才达不到市场所需要求，所以地方本科必须在借鉴国外经验的基础上，转变教学和实习观念和方法，寻找适合中国特色的地方本科院校市场营销人才培养对策。     

论综合英语课堂问题的设置——基于英语专业低年级学生的研究

在综合英语课堂教学中有效运用课堂提问,可以提高教与学的效果。本文着力研究专业英语课堂教学问题设置的原则、层次以及提问的策略,以优化课堂的教学效果。     

高考改革:历史与现实的思考

统一高考制度的建立,是一定历史时期社会需要与考试自身发展的必然产物,是中国高校招生考试史上的创举。高考欲保持长远的生命力,必须适时、适度地进行改革。从形式上看,要打破高考以往的"大一统"模式,兼顾统一与多样,可以采用二次高考的多样化改革思路。从内容上看,到高等教育大众化阶段,高考将成为一种为高校和考生之间的"双向选择"提供决策依据的"合适"考试,因此,高考命题改革应从知识立意、能力立意,进一步提升到素质立意的高度。     

Testing different rank order question layouts for PC and smartphone respondents

We studied the impact of different layouts for rank order questions on respondent effort, data quality, and substantive results among PC and smartphone respondents, in an experiment in an opt-in online panel in Spain, using an order-by-click design. We experimentally varied the device, the number of columns, and, for smartphone respondents, the position of the ‘next’ button in questions on trust in institutions.

We found some evidence of lower data quality for smartphone users but no evidence that presenting ranking items in one column performs differently than two columns. We also find little evidence that these effects differ by the number of response options presented or the number to be ranked. The placement of the ‘next’ button had little effect on performance on ranking items. Overall, our findings suggest that the format and layout of order-by-click questions has little effect on data quality, regardless of device used.     

When near means related: evidence from three web survey experiments on inter-item correlations in grid questions

In this article, we present the results of three question design experiments on inter-item correlations, which tested a grid design against a single-item design. The first and second experiments examined the inter-item correlations of a set with five and seven items, respectively, and the third experiment examined the impact of the question design on inter-item correlations of follow-up questions. We found that the inter-item correlations in grid designs were higher for both the set of five and seven items than for questions in a single-item design. Additionally, the inter-item correlations of the set of follow-up questions were higher if the preceding set of questions was presented in a grid. According to the findings of the present research, respondents seem to apply the interpretative near means related heuristic when answering grid questions, and also when answering follow-up questions preceeded by grid questions.