浅析我国碳税制度的构建

二氧化碳等温室气体的排放导致气候变暖已经成为世界各国普遍关注的问题。目前,世界各国纷纷出台相关制度,其中碳税的征收被国际社会公认是削减二氧化碳排放量的有效手段。作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的缔约国,中国一直积极推动公约和议定书的实施,并取得了一定的成就,但任重道远,我国可以在深入研究的基础上,结合具体国情进行碳税制度的构建。     

论税收筹划的形成机制与实现手段

契约理论及税费的差异性决定了企业具有强烈的减税动机.而减税动机是否能最终体现为企业的税收筹划行为,则主要取决于企业所处的外部环境.企业可通过筹资、投资及经营等方面的财务决策实现税收筹划.引导企业开展税收筹划,有助于更充分地发挥税收的杠杆作用.     

环保税制下政府规制对企业减排的影响——基于演化博弈的分析

以新环保税制为背景,将环境保护税与政府其他环境规制行为结合起来,运用演化博弈理论,研究地方政府与排污企业的策略互动行为,并将公众举报纳入政府收益函数当中。基于地方政府及排污企业不同策略间净收益的大小,得到12种演化路径,以此为基础将企业减排创新的过程分为发展、成长和成熟期进行数值仿真。结果表明:政府监管强度对企业减排的影响程度视后者减排净收益大小而定,而前者强弱与否主要取决于监管成本的高低;企业减排发展初期过低的环保税率并不会引致企业进行减排技术创新;减排成长期的企业进行减排创新的决策则视政府策略而定;处于成熟期的减排企业则会主动进行减排技术创新。因此,在多种规制工具并行的前提下,政府应视企业所处发展周期的不同制定环保税率,同时辅以一定的税收减免和补贴力度,以降低企业治污成本,促使排污企业在生产过程中向减排技术创新演化。     

Missing item imputation for quality-of-life instruments with application to asthma quality-of-life questionnaires

There has been increasing use of quality-of-life (QoL) instruments in drug development. Missing item values often occur in QoL data. A common approach to solve this problem is to impute the missing values before scoring. Several imputation procedures, such as imputing with the most correlated item and imputing with a row/column model or an item response model, have been proposed. We examine these procedures using data from two clinical trials, in which the original asthma quality-of-life questionnaire (AQLQ) and the miniAQLQ were used. We propose two modifications to existing procedures: truncating the imputed values to eliminate outliers and using the proportional odds model as the item response model for imputation. We also propose a novel imputation method based on a semi-parametric beta regression so that the imputed value is always in the correct range and illustrate how this approach can easily be implemented in commonly used statistical software. To compare these approaches, we deleted 5% of item values in the data according to three different missingness mechanisms, imputed them using these approaches and compared the imputed values with the true values. Our comparison showed that the row/column-model-based imputation with truncation generally performed better, whereas our new approach had better performance under a number scenarios.     

分税制以后我国财权配置问题实证研究

1994年推行的分税制是不彻底的,财权配置缺乏协调性和统一性,致使各级政府在公共产品和服务提供中责权利不对称。因此,需要调整财权配置,以保证事权和财权的统一。     

Supply Chain Strategies and International Tax Arbitrage

What motivates the geographic footprint of the supply chains that multinational firms (MNFs) deploy? Traditional research in the operations and supply chain management literature tends to recommend locations primarily based on differentials in production costs and the ramifications of physical distance ignoring the role of taxation. MNFs that strategically position parts of their supply chains in low‐tax locations can allocate the profits across the divisions to improve post‐tax profits. For the profit allocation to be defensible to tax authorities, the divisional operations must possess real decision authority and bear meaningful risks. Generally speaking, the greater the transfer of risk and control, the larger the allowable allocation of profit. These transfers may also create inefficiencies due to misalignment of business goals and attitudes toward risk. We model these trade‐offs in the context of placing in a low‐tax region a subsidiary that oversees product distribution (as a limited risk distributor commissionnaire, limited risk distributor, or fully fledged distributor). Our analysis demonstrates that the MNF's preferences regarding the operating structures are not necessarily an obvious ordering based on the amount of risk and decision authority transferred to the division in the low‐tax jurisdiction. We derive and analyze threshold values of the performance parameters that describe the main trade‐offs involved in selecting an operating structure. We find some of the optimal decisions to exhibit interesting non‐monotone behavior. For instance, profits can increase when the tax rate in the low‐tax jurisdiction increases. Numerical analysis shows that the Limited‐Risk Distributor structure is rarely optimal and quantifies when each alternative dominates it.     

“营改增”政策试点的市场初步评估

会计市场咨询表明,＂营改增＂政策是一个相当积极的信号,对于上海行业细分和服务外包的发展、尤其是总部经济的发展有重大的推动作用。但从政策实施的实际效果看：首先受益的是制造业服务业分离企业,部分服务企业实际税负尚未降低;部分中资企业对于政策的了解较为局限,不懂得如何从＂营改增＂中获益;没有完整会计账册的小微企业无法享受增值税抵扣带来的税负减轻,反而由此在同业竞争中与大中企业相比丧失了部分议价竞争能力。针对上述问题,应采取相应的对策措施逐步加以解决。     

Foreign aid and domestic taxation: multiple sources,one conclusion

There are influential studies that argue that foreign aid displaces domestic tax revenue when it is given in the form of grants. These claims are based on data that are deeply problematic: several different sources are amalgamated into one dataset, with no apparent checks on compatibility. In this article, a variety of econometric strategies are used to overcome these issues of data quality. The resulting weight of evidence points to a modest but positive effect on the part of foreign aid generally on domestic tax revenue. Fears over a negative effect for aid grants appear unwarranted, and are accounted for by the inappropriate use of data or endogeneity issues.     

全球化进程的正反方、分野及其转化

本文试图从国际政治经济学的视角考察全球化之动力与反冲。全球化既造就了赢家,也产生了输家。有理由认为,那些从全球化进程中获益相对较多的国家或社会群体,将成为全球化的坚定支持者,从而推动进一步的开放。反之,那些因全球化而受损的国家和群体,很可能成为全球化的反对力量。尽管如此,赢家与输家的分野并非一成不变。如果各国政府能够以行之有效的政策手段来调和赢家与输家之间的分歧和对抗,那么全球化面临的反对力量就有可能被转化为动力。