论默许恐怖分子活动国家的国家责任

"9.11"事件后联合国安理会反恐决议填补了现行国际法的空白,加诸各国不得默许恐怖分子在其境内活动的义务。美国完全可以依法追究阿富汗的国家责任,以有效打击国际恐怖主义。今后,各国都应严格遵守安理会决议确立的国际法义务,坚决制止某些国家默许恐怖分子在其境内活动,同时还需加强合作,进一步完善反恐国际法。     

To Leave an Area After Disaster: How Evacuees from the WTC Buildings Left the WTC Area Following the Attacks

How people leave a devastated area after a disaster is critical to understanding their ability to cope with risks they face while evacuating. Knowledge of their needs for communications about these risks is particularly crucial in planning for emergency responses. A convenience sample of 1,444 persons who survived the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001 were surveyed to ascertain their initial and ultimate destinations once they had left the buildings, how they arrived there, the role of types of obstacles they encountered, and the need for information and the seeking of other people as potential factors in influencing the process of leaving immediately. This survey was part of a larger, original survey. Results showed differences in how people traveled by mode to initial and ultimate destinations, how immediately they left the area, and factors associated with when they left. How they traveled and when they left were associated with where people lived, their tendency in times of stress to seek out other people including who they knew in the immediate area (e.g., co‐workers or friends), the physical conditions surrounding them, and the importance to some of waiting for more information. Many people indicated they did not leave immediately because they had no information about where to go or what services would be available to them. Perceptions and communications about risks they were facing were reflected in the choices they considered in how and when to leave the area. These findings have numerous ramifications for understanding and guiding personal behavior in catastrophic situations.     

A Screening Methodology for the Identification and Ranking of Infrastructure Vulnerabilities Due to Terrorism

The extreme importance of critical infrastructures to modern society is widely recognized. These infrastructures are complex and interdependent. Protecting the critical infrastructures from terrorism presents an enormous challenge. Recognizing that society cannot afford the costs associated with absolute protection, it is necessary to identify and prioritize the vulnerabilities in these infrastructures. This article presents a methodology for the identification and prioritization of vulnerabilities in infrastructures. We model the infrastructures as interconnected digraphs and employ graph theory to identify the candidate vulnerable scenarios. These scenarios are screened for the susceptibility of their elements to a terrorist attack, and a prioritized list of vulnerabilities is produced. The prioritization methodology is based on multiattribute utility theory. The impact of losing infrastructure services is evaluated using a value tree that reflects the perceptions and values of the decisionmaker and the relevant stakeholders. These results, which are conditional on a specified threat, are provided to the decisionmaker for use in risk management. The methodology is illustrated through the presentation of a portion of the analysis conducted on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.     

论"东突"恐怖势力对国家利益的威胁与破坏

本文论述了"东突"恐怖势力对国家利益的威胁与破坏问题,特别是从其对国家政治利益、安全利益、经济利益和文化利益的威胁与破坏等四个方面,阐述了"东突"恐怖势力的破坏范围之广、影响之深,已构成冷战之后我国新疆及中亚地区地缘政治格局中最不稳定的因素.本文指出了"东突"势力及其恐怖主义活动对地缘政治格局的影响,并认为打击"东突"已成为国际反恐斗争的重要组成部分.     

The proximity filter: the effect of distance on media coverage of the Christchurch mosque attacks

ABSTRACT

The intense media coverage in New Zealand and Australia of the Christchurch mosque attacks exhibited significant disparity in editorial decision-making between the two countries. This research interrogates the different approaches taken in newsrooms and how these differences were manifested in broadcasts and publications. New Zealand media were focused largely on empathetic coverage of victims and resisted the alleged gunman's attempts to publicise his cause while their Australian counterparts showed no such reluctance and ran extended coverage of the alleged perpetrator, along with material ruled objectionable in New Zealand. It finds the editorial focus in each case exhibits the effect of proximity, identified in literature on empirical ethical decision-making as a factor in applied ethicality. The authors conclude that a proximity filter was used by New Zealand media who identified the victims as part of their own community, but the events of 15 March 2019 were seen as ‘foreign’ by Australian journalists who used perceived distance as justification for extremely graphic content.     

核恐怖主义的国际法应对

核恐怖主义威胁是非传统安全领域日趋重要的问题。为应对这一挑战,国际社会通过了一系列的决议与条约,确立了国际原子能机构的核心地位,并进行了诸多国际合作项目的有益尝试,初步建立了反核恐怖主义的国际法框架。但这一框架仍有很多有待完善之处。并且,最终解决核恐怖主义必须根除产生它的土壤,这需要经济、政治、法律合力为之。     

恐怖主义的概念分歧及其原因

当今恐怖主义日益猖獗 ,但国际社会对什么是恐怖主义却众说纷纭。通过对恐怖主义诸多主流定义进行比较 ,可以找到它们的共性和分歧所在     

Modeling Values for Anti-Terrorism Analysis

Decisions are made to achieve objectives. A qualitative list of the objectives for a decision is the foundation for a value model that unambiguously represents objectives in a quantitative manner. The objectives guide thinking and the value model provides a basis for analyzing alternatives to best meet the desired objectives. This article illustrates the usefulness of clearly identifying objectives and developing value models to support anti-terrorism analysis. It outlines procedures to develop value models for the Department of Homeland Security and for terrorist organizations. The later is useful to both design anti-terrorism alternatives and suggest possible terrorist priorities and actions. An example that develops a terrorist value model for the theft and misuse of plutonium is presented. Several uses of value models for anti-terrorist activities are discussed and suggestions for developing such value models are outlined.     

中西当代战争与恐怖主义伦理思想比较

战争和恐怖主义是当代人类的突出社会问题之一,也是各国哲学家关注和研究的重要问题。人类今天已经进入到了反对并努力消灭一切战争和恐怖主义的时代,从当代时代的趋势和潮流,着眼于世界和谐,着眼于整个人类的幸福,哲学家应坚定地站在反对恐怖主义立场上,研究当代恐怖主义的产生和流行的根源,探讨彻底消灭这一严重威胁人类生命财产安全的罪恶活动的根本途径,并为全人类这方面形成普遍共识奠定观念基础。     

A Risk-Based Approach to Setting Priorities in Protecting Bridges Against Terrorist Attacks

This article presents an approach to the problem of terrorism risk assessment and management by adapting the framework of the risk filtering, ranking, and management method. The assessment is conducted at two levels: (1) the system level, and (2) the asset-specific level. The system-level risk assessment attempts to identify and prioritize critical infrastructures from an inventory of system assets. The definition of critical infrastructures offered by Presidential Decision Directive 63 was used to determine the set of attributes to identify critical assets--categorized according to national, regional, and local impact. An example application is demonstrated using information from the Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory for the State of Virginia. Conversely, the asset-specific risk assessment performs an in-depth analysis of the threats and vulnerabilities of a specific critical infrastructure. An illustration is presented to offer some insights in risk scenario identification and prioritization, multiobjective evaluation of management options, and extreme-event analysis for critical infrastructure protection.