日本《空间基本法案》及其启示

为促进空间活动商业化发展,改革现行的空间管理体制,摆脱“和平主义宪法”和1990年《美日卫星采购协议》的束缚,日本2008年5月通过了《空间基本法案》。法案允许日本将外空用于“防卫性”军事目的,制定空间基本措施有计划地推进与空间开发利用有关计划的落实,在内阁设立空间开发战略本部。法案的出台对日本空间活动的发展、亚太地区的区域和平与安全以及对国际空间法都将产生深远影响。     

从中国主题性绘画风貌谈新时期油画现实主义精神

从1949年至1966年的17年间,由于前苏联绘画的模式对中国的美术产生了广泛而深刻的影响,产生了诸多优秀的现实主义作品,促使了我国现实主义油画的崛起。改革开放以来,西方现代派艺术对我国文化艺术的渗透,使现实主义绘画遭遇了尴尬,并逐渐被淡化和边缘化。新时期重振现实主义精神,应充分发挥和体现现实主义艺术的丰富性和多样化,不能仅囿于写实性或浮于对现实生活的一般性理解。如今,要发挥写实性的优长,图绘当代人的生活和精神面貌,我们不仅需要带有典型人物、场景的绘画,还需要塑造出具有时代精神的各式各样的艺术典型,以满足大众对于现实主义的精神需求。     

术数活动中的森林文化解读

森林生态系统的多样性使得森林文化在人类社会的物质、精神各个层面展开。中国的许多社会风俗与民间活动,都与森林有着紧密的联系。以民俗中的术数活动为例,分析了术数活动中森林利用的几种常见形式及森林生活风习,揭示了其中所体现的树木崇拜、树种文化中的人文精神以及朴素的生态和谐观,指出了森林文化是古代术数的渊薮之一,反映了森林文化现象在术数活动中的传承与发展。     

辽朝黑龙江流域属国、属部朝贡活动研究

辽朝在征服、招抚黑龙江流域乌古、敌烈、鼻骨德、五国部等族群之后,相继建立属国属部制度,并将其纳入王朝"道"一级行政区划之中,各属国属部在中央与地方的双重统辖下进行不同程度的朝贡活动。辽中期建立起管理属国、属部的地方机构,对一些属国属部的统辖机制开始由朝贡制度向行政统辖制度转变,表现出统辖关系紧密的乌古、敌烈部朝贡次数骤然减少,鼻骨德部次之,统辖关系相对疏松的五国部则实行持续而规律的朝贡活动,因此不可简单地认为黑龙江流域属国属部朝贡活动频繁是辽朝对其统辖紧密的体现。     

美国对中亚战略的理论参照：确定性与不确定性交替

美国对中亚战略的国际关系理论,既有其契合性和确定性,也存在不周延性和逻辑陷阱,即便有些当时合适的理论也可能因时空转换而发生变异。美国在处理与包括中亚国家在内的伊斯兰世界关系方面多次出现失误或错误,机械套用一些学者推演出来的国际关系理论是重要原因之一,从中也可以反映出美国对中亚战略的不确定性一面。     

Moderators of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Alcohol Consumption in College Students

Abstract

Objective: Among college students, several studies have found a positive relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. The current study tested gender, Greek status, and ethnicity as potential moderators of the physical activity-alcohol use relationship. Participants: Participants were college freshmen (n = 310) endorsing alcohol/drug use. Methods: Students completed questionnaires assessing a number of health behaviors. Results: Results indicated that gender and Greek status were significant moderators of the relationship between physical activity and alcohol consumption. There was a positive relationship between physical activity and alcohol use for men and Greeks, but not for females and non-Greeks. Conclusions: These findings suggest that exercise does not serve as a protective factor for any of the subgroups of college students studied and is positively associated with drinking among college students who are men and/or involved with the Greek system.     

Fitness Profiles and Activity Patterns of Entering College Students

Abstract

Fitness levels of American youth have shown a marked decline in the last decade, according to recent studies. To determine whether such a tendency persists for entering college students, the authors evaluated 115 male and 143 female students for performance on the following fitness-related variables: (1) maximal oxygen consumption (estimated from Astrand cycling protocol), (2) body composition (skin-fold techniques), (3) muscle endurance (sit-up protocol), (4) muscle strength (bench-press protocol), and (5) joint flexibility (upper and lower body protocols).

Although neither men nor women exhibited high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, the women in the study showed higher relative levels than their male counterparts. Both groups showed excellent levels of muscle strength (compared with normative standards), but they achieved only an average standard for muscle endurance. Findings of relatively low levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with levels of muscle strength, particularly in men, seem to be a reflection of an inappropriate concentration of physical activity.     

The effects of a pedometer-based intervention on first-year university students: A randomized control trial

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To assess the effects of a 12-week pedometer-based intervention on the physical activity behavior, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological well-being of first-year university students. Participants: First-year university students (N = 184) were recruited during September 2012 and randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. Methods: Intervention participants were provided with a pedometer, monthly tracking logs, and follow-up e-mails. Control participants received no intervention. Physical activity, HRQOL, and psychological well-being were measured at baseline and post intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate/univariate analysis of variance (MANOVA/ANOVA). Results: All participants experienced an increase in mild physical activity (p < .01) from baseline to follow-up. The intervention failed to produce significant differences between groups for physical activity (p = .28), HRQOL (p = .80), or psychological well-being (p = .72). Psychological well-being (p < .001), vigorous physical activity (p = .04), and mental health status (p < .001) decreased across the duration of the study. Conclusions: More intensive interventions may be required to elicit physical activity behavior change.     

Assessing Overweight,Obesity, Diet,and Physical Activity in College Students

Abstract

The authors surveyed 738 college students aged 18 to 27 years to assess overweight, obesity, dietary habits, and physical activity. They used BMI (body mass index) > 25 kg/m² or BMI > 85th percentile and BMI > 30 kg/m¹ or BMI > 95th percentile to estimate overweight and obesity in those aged < 19 years. To define overweight and obesity in those > 20 years, they used BMI > 25 kg/m² and > 30 kg/m². They found overweight rates of 21.6% using BMI directly and 16.2% using BMI percentile and obesity rates of 4.9% using BMI directly and 4.2% using BMI percentile. More than 69% of the participants reported < 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day and more than 67% reported < 20 g of fiber per day; participants reported physical activity on fewer than 3 d/wk. Most college students are not meeting dietary and physical activity guidelines, suggesting the need for prevention interventions and increased understanding of overweight in college students.     

Selected Health Behaviors That Influence College Freshman Weight Change

Objective and Participants: The authors investigated the effect of physical activity (PA), fruit and vegetable intake, and alcohol use on 6-month weight change in 193 college freshmen (78.8% white, 88.2% women, 94.5% on a meal plan). Methods: The authors administered a Web-based survey in fall 2002 (baseline) and spring 2003 (follow-up). Results: There was an overall average weight gain of 2.5 lbs (p < .05), although only 57% reported weight gain (M = 7.1 lbs). Fruit and vegetable intake decreased (p = .034), alcohol use increased (p > .05), and PA was unchanged. Weight gain for students with body mass indexes (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² was nearly twice that of students with BMIs < 25 (p < .05). Students with low-frequency baseline PA were twice as likely to be overweight. Follow-up data showed that students reporting ≥ 4 sessions per week (ie, high frequency) of low-intensity PA were twice as likely to have healthy BMIs as students engaging in low- and moderate-frequency PA. Conclusions: PA interventions should target freshmen with BMIs ≥ 25.