鸦片战争后美国在华获得片面最惠国待遇问题探析

最惠国待遇条款是近代中美关系史上的一项重要条约内容。从1844年中美签订《望厦条约》起,美国即紧随英国之后在华获得了片面最惠国待遇。美国能够获得这项条款,与英国对华谈判的既定立场、清政府对美谈判所持的"一视同仁"方针、美国来华缔约谈判的既定目标,以及英美在谈判过程中的遥相呼应都有关系。而这项条款的措辞,界定了最惠国待遇极广泛的外延解释余地,并且在内容上规定了中国单方面给惠,由此才形成了中国近代史上贻害无穷的广泛的片面无条件最惠国待遇条款。     

WTO的和谐理念初探——WTO法的一种中国式解读

对和谐、和谐世界的向往,不是中国特有的,而是一种人类的共性。WTO语境下的和谐理念可以解析为"非歧视原则"中蕴含的平等观、法价值冲突的协调平衡原则以及对发展中国家(尤其是最不发达成员)的特殊与差别待遇等。多哈部长会议宣言从多方面实现了WTO和谐理念的进一步发展,体现了作为现行最为重要和行之有效的国际经济规则的WTO制度对将建立兼具自由、平等、有序、发展的和谐世界经济作为其最终价值追求的重视。     

从制度伦理的视角窥探我国"三农"问题

“三农”问题是困扰我国农村建设的核心问题。“三农”问题根源于我国的二元社会经济结构中背离了正义原则的制度缺陷。科学的制度安排是“三农”问题得以解决的基本前提。从制度伦理的视角对我国的“三农”问题进行科学的审视是一种必然。要彻底解决“三农”问题,废除城乡差别,给农民以国民待遇,必须从制度创新入手。     

加入WTO对我国外资立法的影响

WTO规则对于外商投资的协议主要有《服务贸易总协定》、《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》以及《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。这三项协议中的一些规定与我国现行的外资法形成了冲突。为适应WTO的外商投资规则 ,我国的有关外商投资的法律法规必须修改和完善 ,同时制定一部统一的《外商投资法》也是当务之急。     

《侵权责任法》改革医疗损害责任制度的成功与不足

《侵权责任法》对医疗损害责任制度进行了成功的改革,主要表现在统一适用医疗损害责任的案由、对医疗损害责任进行科学分类、确定适合国情的归责原则体系、统一适用人身损害赔偿标准等方面,正确地处理了受害患者、医疗机构和全体患者之间的利益关系。《侵权责任法》对医疗损害责任制度的改革也存在一些不足,如没有规定举证责任缓和原则,没有规定医疗损害责任鉴定制度等,应当通过司法解释等方法予以补充完善,以协调好受害患者、医疗机构和全体患者之间的利益关系,保护好各方利益。     

谈发展中的高校社区医疗保健

就高校医疗保健机构如何适应社会主义市场经济、如何适应国家的卫生体制 3项改革、适应高等教育发展等问题 ,探讨了高校医疗保健的现状及高校社区医疗保健的任务。从社区卫生诊断角度出发 ,研究了高校社区具有的特点 ,提出了健全高校社区医疗保健机构的对策 ,把高校的医疗机构演变成社会化的公益的社区卫生服务机构作为奋斗目标     

平面热源法瞬态测量材料热物性的研究

简述了平面热源法瞬态测量材料热物理性质的基本原理,分析了快速法、脉冲法测量存在的问题。在此基础上,研究了材料热物性瞬态自动测量技术。测量实践表明:瞬态自动测量仪测量准确可靠,与用防护热板法测量的结果也符合得很好。     

位移边界对2D-FGM板热应力影响研究

考虑不同的位移边界条件,建立了常物性2D-FGM板研究模型,并采用有限元法,得到其冷却瞬态热应力场分布图形。位移边界条件对常物性2D-FGM平面区域冷却瞬态热应力分布影响颇大,在简支和一端固定情况下,2D-FGM板自由边界上的热应力σ_x=0;两端固定情况下,其左右两边界均形成上中下三个应力聚集,应力分布形状和数值都发生了巨大的变化;将四周均设置呈固定约束后,热应力数值增长幅度较两端固定情况时更为明显。此结果为该材料的设计、制备提供了准确的理论计算依据。     

Family violence in gambling help-seeking populations

Elevated rates of family violence among treatment-seeking problem gamblers compared to general population estimates have been reported in Spain, Canada and Australia. This study examined the occurrence of family violence among 454 problem gambling help-seeking clients (370 gamblers, 84 affected others) recruited through 3 national gambling treatment services in New Zealand. Measures used were the Problem Gambling Severity Index, and a modified version of the HITS Scale which assessed physical, emotional, verbal and sexual abuse. Past-year family violence among gamblers in this sample was 46.8% for victimization, 41.2% for perpetration and 55.0% for any form of family violence. Among affected others the occurrence was 65.5% for victimization, 57.1% for perpetration and 71.4% for any form of violence. The most common type of violence was verbal intimate partner violence. Affected others and women gamblers reported higher rates of violence victimization and perpetration. These findings underscore the importance of screening gambling help-seeking clients for family violence, and the development of prevention and treatment programmes to address violence in this population, with particular attention to affected others and women gamblers. Future research should assess coercive control and the gendered nature of family violence among problem gambling help-seekers.     

Relearning to Live Life Without Substances: A Grounded Theory of the Impact of Group Physical Exercise on Sobriety

Research has found significant benefits in using exercise as an adjunct treatment for substance use. This study used a qualitative grounded theory approach to explore the role of group exercise on maintaining sobriety. Sixteen persons (13 White men and 3 White women, age M = 31.81, SD = 8.23), recruited from a substance use recovery group that meets at a gym in an urban area in the Southeast part of the United States, were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using Charmaz’s (2006) constructivist grounded theory strategies. Central themes revealed a parallel process between the steps taken to seek sobriety and those taken to maintain sobriety. The driving forces of sobriety success in both was 12 steps and group exercise programming that included elements of mentorship, structure, accountability, and fellowship or community. This study supported the use of physical group exercise as an adjunct treatment option for substance use treatment.