Water Adherence Factors for Human Skin

On incidental dermal exposure to chemicals in water, a key exposure factor is the amount of water adhering to skin. Although soil adherence factors have been developed for risk assessment, measurements of water adherence on human skin have not been described. In the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) dermal risk assessment guidance, dermal dose from environmental exposures is based upon the flux rate across the skin, which assumes that an unlimited amount of chemical is available for absorption. This assumption is applicable to certain exposure scenarios such as swimming and bathing. However, exposures to contaminated water frequently involve scenarios where the available chemical is limited by the amount of water adhering to the skin, for example, during accidental splashes. We conducted studies in human volunteers to investigate water adherence per unit area of skin after brief contact with water. In two sets of experiments, either water was applied with a micropipette to 10‐cm² areas of the lower leg, foot, and hand, or the foot and hand were briefly immersed in water. In males, using a micropipette, water adherence ranged from 1.93 (foot) to 7.13 μL/cm² (lower leg). In females, it ranged from 1.10 (lower leg) to 4.83 μL/cm² (hand). Hand and foot immersion resulted in relatively higher values of 6.89 and 5.17 μL/cm², respectively, in males, and 5.40 and 6.39 μL/cm² in females. Water adherence was affected by amount of body hair and type of exposure. Water adherence factors can be used to calculate the applied dose per unit area for exposures involving intermittent water contact.     

A note on the queue with a random set-up time under a restricted admissibility policy with a Bernoulli vacation schedule

This paper deals with the queue size distribution of an M^x/G/1 queue with a random set-up time and with a Bernoulli vacation schedule under a restricted admissibility policy. This generalizes the model studied by Madan and Choudhury [Sankhyá 66 (2004) 175–193].     

试析广告标题中谚语的变异

标题是广告的主题和灵魂。广告学者在活的标题语言实践中,有时会有意识地违反谚语内部的语言规律,故意偏离常规而选择特殊性的表达方式,变异谚语。本文试图从现代俄罗斯报纸广告的最新资料去分析、探讨俄罗斯广告作品创意者是如何巧妙地使用俄罗斯谚语作为广告标题的。     

论中唐碑志文之题

中唐碑志文在题式上的变化是碑志文研究不可忽视的一个方面,从总体上概述中唐碑志文题式的特点,然后具体从妇女碑志之题,僧、道碑志之题等方面分别展开深入探讨,可以揭示各类碑志文题式之特点,从而展现碑志文题式的概况。     

The Medical Center's Impact in the Network to Sustain the Aged in the Community

A process is described to show how a Social Work Department of a Medical Center ascertained the need to offer a continuum of comprehensive services to a high risk elderly population. This includes aiding and participating with the board and administration of the Medical Center to develop a varied network of services programs. A community based program model is used to show the utilization of individual and group modalities in working with this age population. Clinical material is incorporated to emphasize that aging clients are accessible for psychosocial interventions and can utilize their ego strengths through group living and group counseling. Experiences will highlight that behavioral changes can be brought about through a reintegration of social, emotional, and environmental forces.     

‘Business under new management’ — lessons from Canada on regulation of the social work profession

Abstract

In December 1998 the Social Work and Social Service Work Act (hereafter the Ontario Act) was passed in Ontario, Canada marking the effective completion of social work regulatory legislation across provincial Canada. This article outlines the principal features of the Ontario regulations, and summarises the strengths and limitations of the various arrangements which have been implemented across Canada. As moves toward control of the Australian social work profession are contemplated, the implications for such a move are discussed in the light of the Canadian experience.     

The ‘right time’ – negotiating the timing of interviews with vulnerable young people

Participant retention is a key factor in determining the success of longitudinal research. Challenges in re-locating and retaining participants over the long term are major issues for researchers working with young people who face adversity and experience frequent changes in circumstances. This article reports on a study of vulnerable young people and their transition into adulthood. Rather than the more conventional schedule-based approach to locating and re-interviewing young people, a relational process, the ‘right time’ framework, was used to facilitate young people's involvement in the study. Embedded in the ‘right time’ framework is recognition of the diverse and fluctuating circumstances that shape young people's availability for interviews. Several case examples are considered which amplify the way that the ‘right time’ framework allowed the research to navigate around these circumstances. The case examples highlight the value young people attached to being involved in the research, the influence on the ‘right time’ of wider relational tensions for young people and the need to negotiate researcher status as a different sort of adult. The ‘right time’ framework contributed to a high retention rate in the study generating a more representative sample and enhancing the subsequent data analysis by providing valuable insights into the lives of these vulnerable young people.     

The Black male teacher: a 10-year content analysis of empirical research

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to characterize the last decade of Black male teacher empirical research. The present study aimed to elucidate the most salient themes, commonalities, and departures in the literature on Black male educators. A quantitative content analysis was performed to systematically characterize the research trends present in this line of inquiry. The data were collected using an inductively generated coding scheme. A sample of n = 31 studies were identified and examined from articles published between 2006 and 2016. Then frequency data were computed to characterize the data under investigation. The study results indicate that Black male teacher research is nuanced and burgeoning, despite several lapses in article production. The results of this study contribute to the literature on Black male teacher recruitment, retention, and experiences by providing a survey of current research trends that suggest areas of strength, as well as challenges warranting further consideration.     

论国名与国号

国名是国家的名字,代表着国家;而国号只是政府为国家所起的官方称号,在特定时期内可以代表国家,但所代表的主要是政府.一个国名就只能是一个国家,一个国家只能有一个主权,在一国内部出现两个以上对立的政府时,国际社会只会选择其中一个政府作为国家的合法代表.在政治、法律和国度意义上,中国才是我国的国名,而其他的称呼都是国号.     

论少儿期刊题饰艺术创新

题饰是指标题字的设计和题图的结合,不仅是少儿期刊装帧设计中不可缺少的有机组成部分,两者的有机结合还能产生完美的版面效果。少儿期刊的题饰创意能产生出强烈视觉效应,吸引读者的注意力,并且还能获得良好的社会效益和经济效益。当然少儿期刊题饰艺术的创新,要求设计者及时更新理念,与时俱进,不断提高自身的审美能力,拔高视点,并要不断地更新知识,丰富想象力,同时还需借助高科技于设计之中,来实现新的超越。