Changes in At-Risk American Men's Crime and Substance Use Trajectories Following Fatherhood

Fatherhood can be a turning point in development and in men's crime and substance use trajectories. At-risk boys (N = 206) were assessed annually from ages 12 to 31 years. Crime, arrest, and tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use trajectories were examined. Marriage was associated with lower levels of crime and less frequent substance use. Following the birth of a first biological child, men's crime trajectories showed slope decreases, and tobacco and alcohol use trajectories showed level decreases. The older men were when they became fathers, the greater the level decreases were in crime and alcohol use and the less the slope decreases were in tobacco and marijuana use. Patterns are consistent with theories of social control and social timetables.     

关于农民专业合作经济组织发展问题

研究了农民专业合作经济组织发挥组织功能、中介功能、服务功能、教育功能和改革功能具有的重要意义以及在现实中存在的政府部门重视不够、规范化程度低和风险共担等问题;阐述了在农民专业合作发展中应遵循的原则,同时给出了推进其发展的对策是明确责任、完善政策和强化服务等措施。     

Canadian Campus Smoking Policies: Investigating the Gap Between Intent and Outcome From a Student Perspective

Abstract

Background: Young adults remain the earliest legal target for the tobacco industry. Against this, the existence of smoking policies would appear to offer some protection to students on campus. However, little research has been conducted into the outcomes of such policies from a student perspective. Methods: The authors conducted 8 focus groups at 4 selected Canadian undergraduate campuses to investigate student perceptions and behaviors resulting from campus smoking policies. Results: Results indicated that student smoking behaviors are minimally impacted by campus smoking policies due to seriously compromised implementation and enforcement. Conclusions: These findings imply that the presence of campus smoking policies and claims of “smoke-free” campuses should not be misinterpreted as achievement and without renewed focus and adequate tobacco control infrastructure, it will remain possible for young adults to initiate and maintain tobacco smoking on campus.     

US Public Universities' Compliance With Recommended Tobacco-Control Policies

Abstract

To address the rise in tobacco use among college students, several national health organizations, including the American College Health Association, recommend that colleges enact smoking bans in and around all campus buildings, including student housing, and prohibit the sale, advertisement, and promotion of tobacco products on campus. Key informants at 50 US public universities, one from each state, were interviewed during the 2001/2002 academic year to assess the prevalence of these recommended policies. More than half (54%) of the colleges banned smoking in all campus buildings and student residences, 68% had no tobacco sales on campus, and 32% of the schools' newspapers did not accept tobacco advertising. Regional differences in adoption of these campus tobacco-control policies were present. Although this national sample of public universities had implemented some of the recommended policies, they must take further actions to comply fully with campus tobacco-control guidelines.     

Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Exposure-Response Relationships in Epidemiologic Studies

Demonstration of a dose-response relationship for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important indication of causality. Central to the analysis and interpretation of dose-response relations as described in epidemiological studies is the relationship between dose and exposure. It must be recognized that in studies of ETS we have only surrogate measures of dose, and these surrogate measures (based on exposure) are imperfect. The question-based measures of ETS exposure generally have not been standardized, may have limited validity and reliability, and cannot comprehensively describe total ETS exposure, exposure to individual ETS components, nor doses of biologically relevant agents at target sites. Nevertheless, useful data have been yielded in epidemiologic studies linking ETS exposure to increased respiratory infection and symptoms, reduced lung growth in children, and increased lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. The more consistent exposure-response data for studies on acute health in children may reflect the greater difficulty in measuring exposure in studies of chronic health in adults.     

艾青抗战诗歌"忧郁"的抒情风格

艾青抗战时期的诗歌用浓重的"忧郁"笔调表现旧中国的贫穷和落后,以及农民的悲惨命运,抒发了自己对土地的深厚感情.这种深沉的忧郁来自于特定年代诗人对现实的深刻理解,对祖国命运和前途的关怀与思考,给人一种振聋发聩的鼓舞作用.由此构成了艾青抗战前期诗歌沉郁顿挫、悲凉慷慨的美学风格.     

应对突发性灾难的农村社会保障制度研究

"非典"发生后,我国广大农村地区经历了严峻考验。虽然这一次疫情并未在农村地区广泛传播,但已经暴露出了农村在应对突发性灾难事件方面存在的严重问题。面对"非典"发生后的严峻挑战,我国农村社会保障制度需要进行根本性的改进革新,在发生突发性灾难的情况下首先需要考虑解决农民的人身救治问题,把农民的灾难救助纳入社会保障的轨道上,依法予以解决。结合国际社会灾难救助的一般规律,今后我国农村地区社会保障改革的主要趋向是:在国家和地方财政支持下改善农村医疗状况,加强农村医疗队伍建设;加强国家对农村养老事业的资金投入,并使之制度化、规范化;建立乡村突发性灾难的社会救助制度;加强立法,对乡村危机时刻的社会治安和秩序进行有效管治;建立基层社会组织物资储备系统以应对危难时刻的群众需要;广泛开展宣传教育工作,提高群众灾难自救能力。     

整合财政支农资金加大农村基础设施投入力度

由于历史原因和体制惯性,“三农”投入,特别是财政支农资金的投入存在许多问题,多头管理、分散使用、效率低下的现象十分突出。继续加大对“三农”尤其是农村基础设施的投入力度,推进财政支农资金整合,提高财政支农的政策效应和制度效应,对发展现代农业,建设社会主义新农村意义重大。     

切实增强失地农民再就业培训的实效

目前,失地农民失业形势比较严峻,根本原因是其自身素质相对偏低,切实开展失地农民再就业培训势在必行。但由于制度规范缺乏、思想观念滞后、宣传工作较薄弱、培训针对性和实用性不强、管理机制不健全等因素制约,失地农民培训和再就业的效果仍不甚明显。因此,应尽快制定相关制度、加强宣传引导工作、实施有效的示范和激励、注重培训需求的表达和整合、建立健全管理机制等,以增强失地农民再就业培训实效。