语言构式的部分能产性问题再探——汉语“很+NP”构式的认知解释

汉语中"很+NP"结构是一个典型的高程度性状义构式。构式的部分能产性基于范畴属性的归纳,其认知机制是非范畴化的。某个具体名词一旦进入"很+NP"构式,这个名词的意义就会遵循它所嵌入的构式的意义,条件是该名词具有可被激活的表示程度性状义的语义因子。构式指示语义类型、构式强制提供了词汇项产生语义类型转变的条件,以保证相应的语义因子获得合适的论元。进入"很+NP"构式的名词都含有该构式所在的具体语境的语义因子,整个过程是以认知语言学的凸显原则为基础的。     

句法结构的语义自然性及其认知理据

句法结构的语义自然性是指语言的句法构造符合人们的认知模式,即句法结构和人们的经验结构、思维模式以及思维惯势之间有一定的对应性;语义自然性主要由三个方面体现出来:认知常态自然性侧重于句法结构中的词语分布与人们大脑中的事物分布认知模式和层级认知模式相吻合;范畴典型自然性表明一个句法结构范畴中的典型具有人们对该范畴的最佳语感期待值,因而有较好的语义自然性;分布普遍自然性则显示语义自然性高的句法结构在使用时通常限制较少,其结构转换性和结构类推性或能产性也相应要高得多.     

Parental constructions of masculinity at the transition to parenthood: the division of parental leave among Austrian couples

Men and masculinity are considered a key factor in changing gender inequality at the transition to parenthood. Prior research on gendered division of parental leave concentrated on fathers’ perspectives. This paper includes perspectives of fathers and mothers who make use of parental leave in different ways and asks how masculinity is jointly constructed, how these constructions are linked to the use of parental leave, and if and how they are oriented towards hegemonic masculinity. The analysis is based on 44 qualitative interviews with 11 Austrian couples before and after birth when decisions concerning parental leave were made. Our case reconstructions reveal that parents considered parental leave a central element of masculinity as long as it suited fathers’ needs and circumstances permitted. The decisions for sharing parental leave were father-centred as both partners valued father’s leave higher than mother’s.     

Professionals' attitudes to children's participation in decision-making: dichotomous accounts and doctrinal contests

The attitude of professionals to the involvement of children in decision-making is unclear. This paper discusses a recent research study that utilized qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the views of professionals working in family support and child protection about two different aspects of children's participation in decision-making: the age at which children should make decisions and whether or not they should be involved in child protection conferences. The results showed that social workers tended to favour one of two diametrically opposed viewpoints about the age at which young people should make decisions and then in discussions with colleagues they sought to persuade others to change their perspective. Social workers who believed that young people should not make decisions until much older nevertheless thought that they should be involved in conferences whereas non-social workers did not make this distinction: for them, children who were not old enough to make decisions for themselves should not be involved in conferences. The results are discussed in the light of some of the implications for practice. The paper concludes by outlining how the results informed the design of a training pack commissioned by the Department of Health concerning the involvement of young people.     

The performativity of surveys: Teenagers’ meaning-making of the 'Health Behavior in School-aged Children Survey' in Sweden

The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey contains scales intended to measure life satisfaction, mental health problems and socioeconomic status. This article takes inspiration from science and technology studies and analyse the survey as performative. It also examines subjective meaning-making through an analysis of interviews with 15-year-old teenagers. It shows how the survey enacts the subject position of an accountable teenager and how teenagers experience the survey as sending a message about how one should live. While some teenagers experience this as positive, others narrate feelings of shame. This could be interpreted as a way for them to be accountable for themselves.     

从视点角度看静态存在句中的“着”和“了”

从视点的角度看,静态存在句中的“着”类句反映的是说话人对事物存在状态静态的大纲视点模式,“了”类句反映的是说话人对事物存在状态动态的顺序视点模式。二者所反映的观察方向都是同序的视点模式,但“着”句的视点始终处于句中场景之中;而“了”句的视点首先位于句中场景,然后以回顾性的方向移至与之相对的另一场景,然后再移回到句中场景。     

认知语境对语法语用过程的制约作用

人们交际过程中离不开对语法结构的选择。语言交际中的语用推理过程实际上是人们在语境的参与下完成交际的的心理过程。文章在分析认知语境概念的基础上运用认知语境理论对静态的语法的主要五个层面进行了动态的语用研究 ,认为认知语境对语法结构的选择及其隐性意义的确定起着动态的语用制约作用 ,具有很强的认知阐释力。     

动词直接作定语的界定及分析

对动词直接作定语作了界定 ,认为界定的主要依据是确定该结构为偏正结构 ,且该结构中的前一个词语具有动词功能。在此基础上 ,从动词的内部结构、动词的音节结构、所修饰名词的语义特点以及动词与名词的紧密程度等入手 ,就动词直接作定语的偏正结构所具有的特点进行了分析 ,并阐释了形成这些特点的主要原因。     

英译汉的话题化处理

英语是注重主语的语言,汉语是注重话题的语言。英译汉中,必须有效地把握主谓句和话题句之间的转化,才能有效地再现原文语句的交际价值。文章从句子、语篇两个层面探讨英汉翻译中“话题化处理”的几种技巧。     

THE END OF THE ART CONNOISSEUR? EXPERTS AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN THE VISUAL ARTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

In this digital age, declarations surface of the death of the expert and the democratization of information. Crowd wisdom is seen as the new guide in constructing and evaluating knowledge. In the context of the art world, this tension between the amateurs and the experts becomes particularly pronounced as popular meets high culture. Questions arise such as: what is the role of the expert in the evaluation of art in contemporary times? Do social media dismantle age-old hierarchies and established priesthoods in the art world? And can we assume that mass participation in valuation results in better judgments? This article addresses such popular notions of participation and expertise concerning social media in the art world through a historical lens by re-examining and positioning art experts from past to present. Particularly, characteristics of intermediaries in the art market are examined closely regarding their strategies in knowledge production and the establishment of expertise. This historical situatedness enables us to move beyond the hype of new media expectations, generating more appropriate avenues of investigation to better grasp possible changes amongst actors within the contemporary art world. This examination is not just theoretically relevant but practically so, given current pressures on art institutions to embrace and reach out to new audiences online.