The effects of covariate adjustment in generalized linear models

Results from classical linear regression regarding the effects of covariate adjustment, with respect to the issues of confounding, the precision with which an exposure effect can be estimated, and the efficiency of hypothesis tests for no treatment effect in randomized experiments, are often assumed to apply more generally to other types of regression models. In this paper results pertaining to several generalized linear models involving a dichotomous response variable are given, demonstrating that with respect to the issues of confounding and precision, for models having a linear or log link function the results of classical linear regression do generally apply, whereas for other models, including those having a logit, probit, log-log, complementary log-log, or generalized logistic link function, the results of classical linear regression do not always apply. It is also shown, however, that for any link function, covariate adjustment results in improved efficiency of hypothesis tests for no treatment effect in randomized experiments, and hence that the classical linear regression results regarding efficiency do apply for all models having a dichotomous response variable.     

Confidence Intervals for Univariate Impulse Responses With a Near Unit Root

This article proposes a method for constructing confidence intervals for the impulse response function of a univariate time series with a near unit root. These confidence intervals control coverage, whereas the existing techniques can all have coverage far below the nominal level. I apply the proposed method to several measures of U.S. aggregate output.     

Tolerance‐based error reduction in multi‐agent bioassays

Some degree of error is inevitable in multi‐agent bioassays regardless of design or measurement technology. Estimation error can be reduced post facto by exploiting the matrix partial ordering of the bioassay survival estimates. The standard method for this is order‐restricted regression (ORR). If the joint action of the bioassay agents admits a tolerance‐based interpretation, additional structure beyond matrix partial ordering is available, leading to a new method of error reduction. This tolerance‐based error reduction (TBER) procedure almost always outperforms ORR. Like ORR, TBER applies to complete factorial bioassay designs and, using weighting, to incomplete designs.     

Protection of privacy in efficient application of randomized response techniques

In estimating the proportion of people bearing a sensitive attribute A, say, in a given community, following Warner’s (J Am Stat Assoc 60:63–69, 1965) pioneering work, certain randomized response (RR) techniques are available for application. These are intended to ensure efficient and unbiased estimation protecting a respondent’s privacy when it touches a person’s socially stigmatizing feature like rash driving, tax evasion, induced abortion, testing HIV positive, etc. Lanke (Int Stat Rev 44:197–203, 1976), Leysieffer and Warner (J Am Stat Assoc 71:649–656, 1976), Anderson (Int Stat Rev 44:213–217, 1976, Scand J Stat 4:11–19, 1977) and Nayak (Commun Stat Theor Method 23:3303–3321, 1994) among others have discussed how maintenance of efficiency is in conflict with protection of privacy. In their RR-related activities the sample selection is traditionally by simple random sampling (SRS) with replacement (WR). In this paper, an extension of an essential similarity in case of general unequal probability sample selection even without replacement is reported. Large scale surveys overwhelmingly employ complex designs other than SRSWR. So extension of RR techniques to complex designs is essential and hence this paper principally refers to them. New jeopardy measures to protect revelation of secrecy presented here are needed as modifications of those in the literature covering SRSWR alone. Observing that multiple responses are feasible in addressing such a dichotomous situation especially with Kuk’s (Biometrika 77:436–438, 1990) and Christofides’ (Metrika 57:195–200, 2003) RR devices, an average of the response-specific jeopardizing measures is proposed. This measure which is device dependent, could be regarded as a technical characteristic of the device and it should be made known to the participants before they agree to use the randomization device. The views expressed are the authors’, not of the organizations they work for. Prof Chaudhuri’s research is partially supported by CSIR Grant No. 21(0539)/02/EMR-II.     

一种预先集中创建服务器子进程缩短服务器响应时间的方法

在客户 /服务器模式中 ,服务器响应时间是重要性能指标之一 .分析了串行服务器进程和并发服务器进程的创建时机 ,提出了一种预先集中创建服务器子进程的方法 ,同时给出了该方法的具体实现步骤 ,通过实验测试表明该方法对服务器响应时间性能有明显提高 .     

一类离散非自治捕食模型持久性与周期解的存在性

主要讨论一类具有IV类功能反应的离散非自治捕食模型,利用比较原理和重合度理论,获得了其持久性和周期解的存在性的充分条件。     

新经济时代的地方法治环境研究——以武汉和重庆为例

随着第三次工业革命的兴起,以信息技术和市场创新为核心要素的新经济浪潮已经到来。在新经济时代,法律能够整合社会资源,协调利益冲突,激励创新活力,促进科学技术的高效运用。以武汉和重庆为例,随着新的社会关系和利益冲突的不断出现,不少地方立法的内容难以适应科技发展的新形势,执法、司法等领域面临着新经济带来的多重挑战。优化地方法治环境,应按照“效益优先、依法治理、政府主导、公平竞争”的原则,在地方科技法制工作中加大促进科技成果转化和技术转移力度,增强企业的可持续创新力和市场竞争力,依法建构多元化的科技投入机制和财政供给机制,提升政府科技管理和知识产权保护水平,营造公正和谐的地方司法环境。     

从银幕到文本解构《欲望号街车》的两重性

《欲望号街车》的两个电影版本对原著的创作内涵做了截然不同的诠释。从比较两个电影版本改编的逻辑性入手,应用接受美学理论、知觉概念,对文本的叙述结构、人物性格及心理特征进行了分析,从而解构作品的两重性,从一个新的视点展示了成就这部伟大作品的原因。     

辽宁装备制造业利润波动性的协整VEC模型分析

通过建立VAR模型,运用脉冲响应函数和预测方差分解的方法对辽宁省装备制造业利润增长的波动情况进行实证分析。研究结论：无论长期还是短期出口对辽宁装备制造业利润的贡献都不大,辽宁装备制造业发展与出口导向型经济增长假说不相符,而与经济增长导致出口扩张假说（GLE）相符。表明振兴辽宁装备制造业不能仅依靠出口,关键在于产品技术和组织形式的创新。     

Structural and Behavioural Changes in the Short TermPreventive Check in the Northwest Balkans in the 18th and19th Centuries

Fertility responded negatively to grain insufficiency(proxied by grain price increases), and mortality respondedpositively in Croatia-Slavonia-Srem in the 18thand 19th centuries, as in most of Europe. Shiftsin the intensity and timing of these responsesoccurred over time as social and economic structureschanged. Shifts in the elasticity of fertility withrespect to grain supply inversely mimic and lagchanges in the elasticity of mortality. Both appear tobe induced by increasing land shortage, the collapseof feudalism, and differences in the patterns ofadjustment to post-feudal conditions among former civiland military serfs. Generally, responses are strongerfor civil and former civil serfs, who may have been inless favourable economic circumstances than themilitary. Fertility responses in the year of a priceshock come to dominate those in the year following,suggesting a shift from contraception to abortion aseconomic and social conditions apparently worsened andstrategies of control intensified. Analysis of monthlyresponses supports the conjecture based on the annualresponses. The shift to the preventive check and strength of thepreventive check in the same year as the price shockis unusual in Europe and beyond. Analysis is based on25 parishes and employs lagged annual and monthly timeseries analysis with corrections for autocorrelation,in combination with ethnographic and historical data.