Adaptive Gaussian Markov random fields with applications in human brain mapping

Summary.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging has become a standard technology in human brain mapping. Analyses of the massive spatiotemporal functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets often focus on parametric or non-parametric modelling of the temporal component, whereas spatial smoothing is based on Gaussian kernels or random fields. A weakness of Gaussian spatial smoothing is underestimation of activation peaks or blurring of high curvature transitions between activated and non-activated regions of the brain. To improve spatial adaptivity, we introduce a class of inhomogeneous Markov random fields with stochastic interaction weights in a space-varying coefficient model. For given weights, the random field is conditionally Gaussian, but marginally it is non-Gaussian. Fully Bayesian inference, including estimation of weights and variance parameters, can be carried out through efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Although motivated by the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, the methodological development is general and can also be used for spatial smoothing and regression analysis of areal data on irregular lattices. An application to stylized artificial data and to real functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a visual stimulation experiment demonstrates the performance of our approach in comparison with Gaussian and robustified non-Gaussian Markov random-field models.     

Approximating hidden Gaussian Markov random fields

Summary.  Gaussian Markov random-field (GMRF) models are frequently used in a wide variety of applications. In most cases parts of the GMRF are observed through mutually independent data; hence the full conditional of the GMRF, a hidden GMRF (HGMRF), is of interest. We are concerned with the case where the likelihood is non-Gaussian, leading to non-Gaussian HGMRF models. Several researchers have constructed block sampling Markov chain Monte Carlo schemes based on approximations of the HGMRF by a GMRF, using a second-order expansion of the log-density at or near the mode. This is possible as the GMRF approximation can be sampled exactly with a known normalizing constant. The Markov property of the GMRF approximation yields computational efficiency.The main contribution in the paper is to go beyond the GMRF approximation and to construct a class of non-Gaussian approximations which adapt automatically to the particular HGMRF that is under study. The accuracy can be tuned by intuitive parameters to nearly any precision. These non-Gaussian approximations share the same computational complexity as those which are based on GMRFs and can be sampled exactly with computable normalizing constants. We apply our approximations in spatial disease mapping and model-based geostatistical models with different likelihoods, obtain procedures for block updating and construct Metropolized independence samplers.     

浅谈小说视角转换的语言特征及翻译

视角转换是反映小说审美价值和文学价值的重要写作技巧，一般通过转述语变换、模糊指称和运用体现叙述者价值判断的特色词语来实现。由于视角转换翻译存在文学效果缺损现象，因而译者应当充分考虑中英文的特点，必要时在词法、句法上实施转换。     

试析英文合同的语言特征与翻译策略

分析了英文合同的语言特征，认为其特征在词汇层面体现为用词庄重、准确规范，在句式层面体现为句式复杂、逻辑严谨，在语篇层面体现为程式固定、结构完整。英文合同的翻译策略就是在保持汉语表达习惯和超越汉语传统建构模式之间寻求平衡，取得准确、通顺的翻译效果。     

翻译伦理与译者的职责

翻译研究经历语文学派、语言学派、阐释学派、解构学派几个发展阶段后,使译者拥有了越来越多的主体性,但同时也带来了译者主体意识的过分张扬,为一些不负责任的乱译找到了借口。翻译在本质上是一种跨文化交际,它也有其自身的行为规范。译者在实施跨文化沟通行为时,必须遵从此类交际的规范和伦理,明确自己的职责,才能最大限度地确保交际的成功;而本文正是作者对翻译伦理问题所作的初步探讨。     

西方女性主义翻译理论及其批评

通过对西方女性主义翻译理论产生的历史背景、所用的翻译策略以及翻译理论实质的分析，批评了西方女性主义翻译理论是女性为实现政治目的对翻译的利用。女性主义者认为翻译和女性的境遇一致，而将翻译和女性主义联系起来，采用增补、劫持以及添加前言和脚注的翻译策略以及发明女性语言文字的方式反抗男性话语，妄图彰显和提高女性地位。女性主义翻译理论消解了逻各斯中心主义，颠覆了忠实对等。其对语言的文字改革，也将使语言陷入混乱。西方女性主义翻译理论是为实现政治目的而越位的翻译表征。     

英语专业翻译教学中语篇衔接意识的渗透

对英汉语篇衔接手段的认识和把握，在分析原文和构建译文的过程中至关重要。本文以韩礼德和哈桑的语篇衔接理论为框架，以2008年英语专业八级翻译试题和译文为语料，对比英汉语篇衔接手段，以期为英语专业语篇衔接翻译教学提供参考。     

A Bayesian model for ranking hazardous road sites

Summary.  Road safety has recently become a major concern in most modern societies. The identification of sites that are more dangerous than others (black spots) can help in better scheduling road safety policies. This paper proposes a methodology for ranking sites according to their level of hazard. The model is innovative in at least two respects. Firstly, it makes use of all relevant information per accident location, including the total number of accidents and the number of fatalities, as well as the number of slight and serious injuries. Secondly, the model includes the use of a cost function to rank the sites with respect to their total expected cost to society. Bayesian estimation for the model via a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach is proposed. Accident data from 519 intersections in Leuven (Belgium) are used to illustrate the methodology proposed. Furthermore, different cost functions are used to show the effect of the proposed method on the use of different costs per type of injury.     

我国几种主要翻译理论述评

本文按照翻译理论发展脉络,分别对我国的语文学翻译理论、语言学翻译理论和文化翻译理论作了梳理,阐述了各理论的不同特点。指出在具体翻译问题和方法论上出现分歧的根源是对翻译的本质认识不同;翻译研究若能突破自身所属发展脉络的樊篱,将语文、语言和文化的视域结合起来,则能更好的推动翻译研究的发展;语料库翻译研究将成为未来翻译研究的一个新的重要方面。     

魏蜀吴三国政策优劣的历史比较

魏蜀吴三国鼎立是中国历史上的一个重要时期，三国为了各以自己中心建立统一的帝国，努力发展自己力量，礼贤下士，采取各具特色的行政方针政策．魏国“挟天子以令诸侯”取得政治优势，统治集团比较稳定，军事和经济实力较强．蜀国刘备思贤若渴，诸葛亮鞠躬尽瘁，事必躬亲，为建立大一统帝国出力最大，连年战争，劳民伤财．吴国特别重用年轻人周瑜、鲁肃、陆逊等，内部较稳定，军事上无大举措，但经济发展迅速．