《甘地自传》中的自我形塑及其成因探究

甘地虽举世知名,其形象却复杂多面,《甘地自传》因而成为探究甘地自我形象的极佳文本。甘地写作自传的缘起和其对自传体裁的选用,都体现出他对自我形象塑造的自觉性。甘地在自传中借不同的人生之“耻”突出了其“世俗之我”的形象,及由此向“圣人之我”形象转变的自传书写策略。此外,这一转变亦具有复杂的宗教、文化、历史等多方面的意义。     

真之符合论困境与思考

As an important part in the philosophy of language, the issue of truth is a major concern among western philosophers. Philosophers have probed into this issue and put forward various types of theories of truth, such as correspondence theory, coherence theory, pragmatic theory, redundancy theory and semantic theory. Among them, the correspondence theory is the most far-reaching and widely accepted. By translating “truth” into the Chinese “zhen”, this paper interprets a variety of viewpoints on the correspondence theory of truth, analyzes the predicaments in its evolution and attempts to offer some reflections in reference to evidences from psycholinguistics     

真理符合论的逻辑演进、学理困境与可能出路

作为流传最广和影响最大的真理理论,符合论自形成之始就受到来自哲学与科学等领域的批评和责难。生物学、物理学等自然科学提供的实验证据,近代哲学的怀疑主义思潮,以及语言学转向之后的概念框架相对性论证,都对真理符合论的基本观点提出了质疑,从不同角度否定了命题与事实之间的对应关系,否决了符合论的认识论前提。尽管真理符合论存在某些学理困境,反符合论者提出的责难也有一定合理性,但我们应当保留真理符合论的基本气质,它在一种新的关于世界的理解视域中能够获得再生。     

A class of bivariate regression models for discrete and/or continuous responses

ABSTRACT

A general class of models for discrete and/or continuous responses is proposed in which joint distributions are constructed via the conditional approach. It is assumed that the distributions of one response and of the other response given the first one belong to exponential family of distributions. Furthermore, the marginal means are related to the covariates by link functions and a dependency structure between the responses is inserted into the model. Estimation methods, diagnostic analysis and a simulation study considering a Bernoulli-exponential model, a particular case of the class, are presented. Finally, this model is used in a real data set.     

Simple Counterexamples against the Conditionality Principle

The famous theorem of Birnbaum, stating that the likelihood principle follows from the conditionality principle together with the sufficiency principle, has caused much discussion among statisticians. Briefly, many writers dislike the consequences of the likelihood principle (among other things, confidence coefficients and levels of tests are dismissed as meaningless), but at the same time they feel that both the conditionality principle and the sufficiency principle are intuitively obvious. In the present article we give examples to show that the conditionality principle should not be taken to be of universal validity, and we discuss some consequences of these examples.     

The Optimal Allocation Combination for the One-Sided Sequential Screening Procedure Based on the Individual Misclassification Error

In this article, the expected total costs of three kinds of quality cost functions for the one-sided sequential screening procedure based on the individual misclassification error are obtained, where the expected total cost is the sum of the expected cost of inspection, the expected cost of rejection, and the expected cost of quality. The computational formulas for three kinds of expected total costs are derived when k screening variables are allocated into r stages. The optimal allocation combination is determined based on the criterion of minimum expected total cost. At last, we give one example to illustrate the selection of the optimal allocation combination for the sequential screening procedure.     

Bayesian sample‐size determination methods considering both worthwhileness and unpromisingness for exploratory two‐arm randomized clinical trials with binary endpoints

A randomized exploratory clinical trial comparing an experimental treatment with a control treatment on a binary endpoint is often conducted to make a go or no‐go decision. Such an exploratory trial needs to have an adequate sample size such that it will provide convincing evidence that the experimental treatment is either worthwhile or unpromising relative to the control treatment. In this paper, we propose three new sample‐size determination methods for an exploratory trial, which utilize the posterior probabilities calculated from predefined efficacy and inefficacy criteria leading to a declaration of the worthwhileness or unpromisingness of the experimental treatment. Simulation studies, including numerical investigation, showed that all three methods could declare the experimental treatment as worthwhile or unpromising with a high probability when the true response probability of the experimental treatment group is higher or lower, respectively, than that of the control treatment group.     

威廉·坦普尔的园林理论初探——以《论伊壁鸠鲁的园林,或论园艺》为分析对象

威廉·坦普尔爵士园林思想的研究,一直是学术界研究的薄弱之处。实际上,坦普尔在《论伊壁鸠鲁的园林,或论园艺》中系统地探讨了园林的起源、伦理意义和审美形态等问题。他从病原学的角度出发,把园林作为治疗人们过剩欲望的理想之地。他虽然赞同伊壁鸠鲁主义的退隐思想,却从政治德性、顺从自然、自由选择3个方面阐述了园林的退隐伦理。在园林之美上,他认为美在于形式,但是这种形式既包括欧洲的规则式之美,也包括中国的不规则之美。坦普尔的园林理论对我国当下的疗养院园林、私家园林的建设等有一定的指导意义。     

论“立言”

两千多年前的春秋时代,中国知识分子就非常重视"立言",把它视作传名、追求不朽甚至永恒的重要手段。在建设文化强国的今天,继承"立言"的传统,把有价值的见解或史料、经验、发现等通过著书立说的方式贡献出来,是很有必要的。如何"立言",如何使自己所立之言得到社会的认可,并有较长的生命力,是目前知识界面临的难题。"立言"之人要有追求真理的精神、实事求是的态度;"立言"者须有创新意识,努力使自己的著作具有独创性;"立言"者还必须有精品意识,对自己的著作不断修改、加工,使之趋于完美;"立言"者须先修身,提高自身精神境界,更好地了解社会的需要和自己的责任。如此,方能"立言"成功。     

《庄子·齐物论》通释

全文分为两部分。在第一部分,笔者从《齐物论》内容出发,联系中国哲学的基本特征,解决了对题目含义历来存有歧见的问题;并对全文结构和被认为纠葛不清的内容,进行了清理。在第二部分,笔者从对《齐物论》基本概念的解释入手,上溯老子哲学,联系庄子的其他篇章,对文中的重要概念,进行了全面的梳理,并且论证出在观念世界里,没有人类生命价值的绝对真理,得出了与当代存在主义类似的结论。最后,笔者指出了“庄周梦蝶”寓言的蕴涵,认为：前人和时贤的误解,来源于对寓言所起的总结全篇的作用重视不够,也对庄子创作《齐物论》仅仅是属于观念世界里的一种真理追求的努力,认识不清。