Clinical Capital and the Risk of Maternal Labor and Delivery Complications: Hospital Scheduling,Timing, and Cohort Turnover Effects

The establishment of interventions to maximize maternal health requires the identification of modifiable risk factors. Toward the identification of modifiable hospital‐based factors, we analyze over 2 million births from 2005 to 2010 in Texas, employing a series of quasi‐experimental tests involving hourly, daily, and monthly circumstances where medical service quality (or clinical capital) is known to vary exogenously. Motivated by a clinician's choice model, we investigate whether maternal delivery complications (1) vary by work shift, (2) increase by the hours worked within shifts, (3) increase on weekends and holidays when hospitals are typically understaffed, and (4) are higher in July when a new cohort of residents enter teaching hospitals. We find consistent evidence of a sizable statistical relationship between deliveries during nonstandard schedules and negative patient outcomes. Delivery complications are higher during night shifts (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.18–1.25), and on weekends (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.14) and holidays (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04–1.60), when hospitals are understaffed and less experienced doctors are more likely to work. Within shifts, we show deterioration of occupational performance per additional hour worked (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.02). We observe substantial additional risk at teaching hospitals in July (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14–1.43), reflecting a cohort‐turnover effect. All results are robust to the exclusion of noninduced births and intuitively falsified with analyses of chromosomal disorders. Results from our multiple‐test strategy indicate that hospitals can meaningfully attenuate harm to maternal health through strategic scheduling of staff.     

对组织承诺三因素模型被质疑问题的思考

针对组织承诺三因素模型被质疑的三种承诺与离职意愿的相关系数过高、情感承诺和规范承诺的高相关性和三个承诺的概念统一性问题进行分析后得出:强调个体与组织保持雇佣与被雇佣关系,将个体对离开组织这一具体行为的态度包含在将组织作为态度目标的模型中,是该模型被质疑问题的根源。此外,其概念的整合方式也不合理。将组织承诺中对具体行为的态度替换为一般性的行为意向,并与个体对组织的情感部分与认知部分一起组成标准态度观的组织承诺是更为合理的解决办法。     

浅析酒店员工流失现象

近年来酒店员工的大量流失，严重影响了酒店业的发展，成为酒店管理者所关注的一大课题。本文从分析酒店员工流失的原因入手，探讨了解决员工流失的对策。     

如何运用营运能力指标来鉴别上市公司的优劣

一个企业若想维持正常的营运状态,就要看他是否能保证正常的资产周转率以及他的变动趋势如何。我们在对上市公司进行投资时,应充分考虑到资产周转率的问题,这也是我们决定投资策略的重要依据之一。     

我国上市公司独立董事离任的财富效应

本文采用事件研究法对2002年至2004年间我国深沪两市上市公司独立董事离任事件的财富效应进行实证研究。结果表明:(1)从样本整体来说,独立董事离任在一定程度上会给公司股东带来显著的财富减少;(2)剔除任职时间超过5年的独立董事离任样本的影响后,公司股东的财富在离任公告后会显著地减少;(3)独立董事主动离任(辞职)会使股东财富显著地减少,而独立董事被动离任(被更换)则对股东财富没有显著影响;(4)原因不明的独立董事辞职,会令公司股东的财富显著大幅减少。     

控制权转移的上市公司董事会特征对高管更替的影响研究

董事会作为公司治理的重要机构,其特征对上市公司高管的稳定性有重要影响。利用SPSS13.0实证检验发现,董事会特征对于控制权转移后的高管更替有内在影响:董事会成员持股对高管更替有显著的负向影响,独立董事的比例反向调节高管的更替情况,现代企业治理结构倡导的两职分离对于高管更替的影响不显著。     

Labour market turnover in Latin America: How intensive is it and to what extent does it differ across countries?

The study of labour market turnover is particularly significant in Latin America, which is characterized by marked economic cycles and limited social protection coverage. This article estimates the intensity of transitions from employment in six countries in Latin America in the new millennium and decomposes the differences observed, furthermore evaluating the employment destinations of workers making such transitions. The countries under analysis show very different turnover rates, which are mostly explained by a dissimilar incidence of informal and temporary employment. In all cases, a large share of job exits imply transitions to precarious jobs or unemployment.     

组织变革期企业的人员流动影响因素的实证研究

人才流失是我国国有企业尤其是组织变革期的企业所面临的重要问题。在回顾国内外有关员工流动主要研究成果的基础上,从个体、组织和社会3个层面,对处于变革期的一家电力企业的人员流动问题进行了实证研究,找出了影响该企业员工流动的11个因素,即年龄、党派、受教育程度、企业工龄、职称等级、所在部门、岗位性质、岗位等级、行政级别、评先进次数和培训次数,可为电力行业类似企业留人政策的制定和创新提供参考。     

Value-Based Routing and Preference-Based Routing in Customer Contact Centers

Telephone call centers and their generalizations—customer contact centers—usually handle several types of customer service requests (calls). Since customer service representatives (agents) have different call-handling abilities and are typically cross-trained in multiple skills, contact centers exploit skill-based routing (SBR) to assign calls to appropriate agents, aiming to respond properly as well as promptly. Established agent-staffing and SBR algorithms ensure that agents have the required call-handling skills and that call routing is performed so that constraints are met for standard congestion measures, such as the percentage of calls of each type that abandon before starting service and the percentage of answered calls of each type that are delayed more than a specified number of seconds. We propose going beyond traditional congestion measures to focus on the expected value derived from having particular agents handle various calls. Expected value might represent expected revenue or the likelihood of first-call resolution. Value might also reflect agent call-handling preferences. We show how value-based routing (VBR) and preference-based routing (PBR) can be introduced in the context of an existing SBR framework, based on static-priority routing using a highly-structured priority matrix, so that constraints are still met for standard congestion measures. Since an existing SBR framework is used to implement VBR and PBR, it is not necessary to replace the automatic call distributor (ACD). We show how mathematical programming can be used, with established staffing requirements, to find a desirable priority matrix. We select the priority matrix to use during a specified time interval (e.g., 30-minute period) by maximizing the total expected value over that time interval, subject to staffing constraints.     

基于灰理论的成都市铁路旅客周转量预测

铁路旅客周转量是一个受多种因子制约的多层次的复杂关系量,将成都市2004—2008年铁路旅客周转量作为基础数据,运用灰理论所提出的灰系统模型预测法,建立GM(1,1)模型,预测2009—2011年的铁路旅客周转量。预测结果表明2009—2011年成都市铁路旅客周转量总体呈上升趋势。同时,GM(1,1)预测值经过检验,预测结果精度较高,说明预测方法的可靠性,预测结果对合理布局规划成都市铁路枢纽具有重要的现实意义。