Some sampling effects of pairwise correlated observations on likelihood ratio tests for the difference between two means

We study the effects of the inclusion of pairs of correlated observations in a sample on likelihood ratio tests for the difference in two means. In particular, we assess how the inclusion of correlated data pairs (e.g., such as data inadvertently collected from sib-pairs) affects the sample size requirements necessary for the implementation of a Likelihood Ratio (LR) test for the difference between two means. Our results suggest that correlated data pairs beneficially or adversely effect sample size requirements for an LR test to a degree functionally related to the mixture parameters dictating their relative frequencies in the larger sample on which the test will be performed, the strength of the correlation between the observations, and the size of imbalances in the sample with respect to the number of observations in each group. The relevance and implications of the results for genetic and epidemiologic research are discussed.     

试论两宋儒学的文本观及其经学中的语言学思想

两宋儒学提倡不盲从的普遍怀疑精神和学贵得之于心的自由学风，以“理义大本”为理性支点，力求除去个人私见与锢蔽，即从经文本身的语境即“上下文义”、理解的时间性即“熟读深思”上，“不为文字所桔”，求得圣人之意。这样，两宋儒学中的语言哲学既接续了汉唐注疏对圣人之意的传述，接植了先秦以来的言意之辨、名实之辨的语言哲学精神，又突破了训诂师承的传统，在读经与做人、创通经义与自我省察乃至提升理想人格上，提出了值得一再回味的命题，从而启开了经学与理学互释的源头。     

悲剧文化与生命的双重辩护——青年尼采生存论文化观探析

青年尼采的文化观是生存论性质的。陷于“绝望的真理”中的生命需要辩护,需要文化给予它何以生存的正当理由。希腊日神文化和酒神文化分别赋予了个体生活和永恒生活以正当性,而悲剧文化则同时给予尘世生活和形而上生活双重的辩护。悲剧文化的现代意义在于,在“宗教退潮”之后,它担当了宗教的救世功能。     

浅谈人教版新旧教材中“氧化还原反应”的设计与教学

本文对新旧人教版两种高中化学必修教材中有关“氧化还原反应”这部分内容，从课标的比较、教材编排、教材的内容及栏目设计进行对比分析，阐述了作者对新教材的几点认识．     

论巴赫金思想的独特性

前苏联思想家巴赫金的思想独具特色。1950年代后期,他提出的对话主义理论和狂欢化美学享誉世界,成为当代学术甚至日常思维的关键词。对话和狂欢共同指向生长,从两个维度表达了巴赫金对世界的哲学思考。巴赫金的思想表达兼有哲学美学化的倾向和异语表意的特点,一个论点往往有多层理解的充分可能,形成了思想的复调风格。     

中庸与华夏文化“一”、“二”、“三”

"极高明而道中庸",是中华民族高度重视实践理性的反映。但是,文化的民族性和时代性等各种因素的耦合,使传统文化具有了复杂性。重视实践理性的民族性和"一"于"道"、"一"于天理、"一"于礼义的封建性在中庸思想里都有典型体现——所谓"叩其两端竭其中",就是这种"一"于"道"的封建性本体论趋向与"叩问"二元的现实实践趋向的多重交叉,形成了"一"中有"二"、"二"中有"一"、以"一"为体、以"二"为用的中庸思想结构。其缺陷是"中"与"庸"即"用"失衡、封建教义与现实实践失衡、封建教义之"一"与现实实践的一定程度的多样性之"二"失衡。我们认为,庞朴先生"中庸"即"三分"的观点,是消解这种"一、二、一"僵化结构的时代性创新,具有实践主义的现实指向。     

逐步生物等效性t检验及在药物效能评价中的应用

在医学领域中,一种新药投产前,必须确定给人服用的安全剂量和它的毒性大小;有时又需要对两种药的药效进行比较。用均值等效二次单侧检验方法,并对其逐步推广,从而对处理组与对照组进行检验,确定是否等效。逐步等效性t检验也可用在确定仿制药的食用安全区间、比较药效等等。     

免疫信息系统的数据安全与应用

随着社会的进步,居民生活水平的不断提高,疾病防护与儿童免疫全面信息化管理已经成为社会趋势。而对于该系统的数据安全问题就更显得十分重要,本采用双机热备份系统,对数据进行实时备份。     

Competition and Coordination in Two‐Tier Public Service Systems under Government Fiscal Policy

As a result of government budgetary limits and rapid market growth, many public service systems—such as health care—are characterized by extensive customer wait times that have become a serious problem. This problem might be solved by allowing private firms to enter these markets, which would provide customers with a choice between a free (governmental) public service provider (SP) and a fee‐charging (or “toll”) private SP. In such a two‐tier service system, the two SPs are differentiated by service quality and cost efficiency. This study focuses on the competition and coordination issues for two‐tier service systems with customers who are sensitive to both service quality and delay. The free system attempts to maximize its expected total customer utility with limited capacity, whereas the toll system attempts to maximize its profit. Neither goal is aligned with the social welfare goal of the public service. To achieve the social welfare goal, the government plays a crucial role in coordinating the two‐tier service system via the budget, the tradeoff of social members' goals, and tax‐subsidy policies. Using a mixed duopoly game, we establish Nash equilibrium strategies and identify the conditions for the existence of the two‐tier service system. We employ several interesting and counter‐intuitive managerial insights generated by the model to show that the public service can be delivered more efficiently via customer choice and SP competition. In addition, we show that a relatively low tax‐subsidy rate can almost perfectly coordinate the two SPs to achieve most of the maximum possible benefit of the two‐tier service system.     

中国特色社会主义理论体系的内在逻辑

中国特色社会主义理论体系的形成是中国共产党“以俄为师”、“以祖为师”、“以美为师”三条路线相结合的产物。它的产生依据是：防止过“左”的逻辑,以消除对前苏联结局的“隐喻”性担忧;防止复“古”的逻辑,以减少官僚传统及其“影子”对现实的干扰;防止过“右”的逻辑,以驱散将普世价值“过度引伸”导致的迷障。