文本类型理论与商务英语翻译

文本类型理论是德国学者赖斯与英国学者纽马克根据语言功能对文本进行功能划分的理论,它为翻译过程提供了具体的、可操作的方法。从文本类型翻译理论入手,概述文本类型理论的翻译指导思想,并通过商务英语文本翻译的实例分析,说明在此理论指导下的商务英语文本翻译所应遵循的翻译原则和策略。     

对建筑类型学及其方法论的浅识

类型学是一种分析建筑的方法,通过对建筑类型学的不同发展阶段的研究、认识,可以使建筑设计师对特定历史的文化生活与真实的环境条件进行分析,从而设计出类似于已往而又不同于以往建筑形式的理想建筑。     

What help do you need for your fashion shopping? A typology of curated fashion shoppers based on shopping motivations

With the increasing digitalization of traditional retailing, omnichannel retailing has become a growing global phenomenon. The result is the emergence of a new type of shopper who expects a seamless shopping experience across digital and physical channels. As a hybrid between offline and online, the retail innovation curated retailing combines the advantages of these channels, particularly in the fashion and apparel industry. In curated fashion retailing, stylists assist consumers in their online shopping by providing product recommendations tailor-made to their personal preferences. Because consumer demands differ and most curated retailers still struggle with commercial and market performance, a thorough understanding of these shopper segments is vital for retailers. Therefore, this research develops a typology based on shopping motivations for adopting curated retailing in fashion and apparel. Applying cluster analysis to survey data from a main sample of 388 German consumers, four segments are identified: store-oriented online customizers, fashion-conscious changers, choice support seekers and independent apathetics. Using chi-square analysis and analysis of variance, the segments are profiled in terms of their demographic characteristics and actual purchase data. A validation sample consisting of 218 consumers in four European countries provides evidence for the predictive power of the study's results. This study extends the shopping motivation literature to the context of curated retailing and enhances knowledge about online shopper typologies in consulting-intensive retail sectors. The paper concludes with managerial recommendations.     

十九世纪美国的语文经验：文学的类型学表达

文学类型学在美利坚十九世纪的语文经验中扮演过重要的文化角色。彼时的美国文人通过这种类型表达抒发了自己的民族理想,从而不仅使美利坚民族的行为有了合法性,而且也让这样的语文经验成为该民族区别于世界其它族类的识别特征。     

文本类型学、目的论与商标翻译中的功能转换

德国的功能主义翻译理论摆脱了传统对等理论的束缚,以文本功能为基础,以目的法则为主导,主张翻译标准多元化,拓宽了翻译研究的视野,为翻译活动的诠释提供了新的视角。本文结合功能派翻译理论的两大支柱理论——文本类型学和目的论,探讨商标名称的文本功能及翻译策略的选择。     

Uncertainty of Population Risk Estimates for Pathogens Based on QMRA or Epidemiology: A Case Study of Campylobacter in the Netherlands

Epidemiology and quantitative microbiological risk assessment are disciplines in which the same public health measures are estimated, but results differ frequently. If large, these differences can confuse public health policymakers. This article aims to identify uncertainty sources that explain apparent differences in estimates for Campylobacter spp. incidence and attribution in the Netherlands, based on four previous studies (two for each discipline). An uncertainty typology was used to identify uncertainty sources and the NUSAP method was applied to characterize the uncertainty and its influence on estimates. Model outcomes were subsequently calculated for alternative scenarios that simulated very different but realistic alternatives in parameter estimates, modeling, data handling, or analysis to obtain impressions of the total uncertainty. For the epidemiological assessment, 32 uncertainty sources were identified and for QMRA 67. Definitions (e.g., of a case) and study boundaries (e.g., of the studied pathogen) were identified as important drivers for the differences between the estimates of the original studies. The range in alternatively calculated estimates usually overlapped between disciplines, showing that proper appreciation of uncertainty can explain apparent differences between the initial estimates from both disciplines. Uncertainty was not estimated in the original QMRA studies and underestimated in the epidemiological studies. We advise to give appropriate attention to uncertainty in QMRA and epidemiological studies, even if only qualitatively, so that scientists and policymakers can interpret reported outcomes more correctly. Ideally, both disciplines are joined by merging their strong respective properties, leading to unified public health measures.     

Core Programs and Services at Senior Centers

Senior centers have grown rapidly since the 1960's and are now a major element in community programs for older Americans. Despite their growth there has been little examination of what should be the minimum core of programs and services for all senior centers. A mail survey was undertaken to ascertain what senior center directors, staff and participants in Maryland viewed as the most important programs and services, the most helpful program and the reasons participants were originally attracted to the senior centers. The quantitative data collected was supplemented by focus groups with directors staff and participants. Based on the findings six core programs and services are recommended as well as optional services.     

主题结构的标记性考察--基于情境植入的典型特征束思路

以往主题结构研究主要关注主题表现,其述题特征以及认知情境因素的制约作用没有受到重视,不同主题结构的标记性以及跨语言异同尚无一致认识.运用认知语法的情境植入观,结合认知类型学的标记性分析思路,提出主题结构考察的典型特征束思路,在结构、话语和认知层面分别提取主题和述题的典型特征加以比较,为主题结构的标记性考察提供新视角.     

Moby-Dick and the American Empire

Abstract

This article explores the parallels between the narrative tropes of Moby-Dick and the conduct of the Mexican War of 1846–48. Drawing on the theories of Austin and Butler, the article develops an account of the performative speech acts deployed by President James K. Polk in order to secure Congressional support for the war, and the rhetorical power exercised by Ahab on the Pequod. It also examines in detail Melville’s use of the Biblical figures of King Ahab and Belshazzar, showing how the novel turns the Biblical-republican typology used in the American Revolution against the British to indict America’s own practice of imperialism. The article concludes by reflecting on both the vision of perpetual war which Melville presents as the consequence of Polk’s assumption of imperial power, and the parallels between Polk’s prosecution of the war with Mexico and the US invasion of Iraq.