Cross cultural differences in decisions from experience: Evidence from Denmark,Israel, and Taiwan

Three studies are presented that compare decisions from experience in Denmark, Israel, and Taiwan. They focus on two change-related cultural differences suggested by previous research on dialectical vs. analytic approach to thinking. The first implies that East Asians are more likely to change their behavior over time (i.e., are less consistent), the second that they expect more changes in the environment. The results show that the “less consistency in the East” hypothesis has a high predictive value. This hypothesis accurately predicts a behavioral pattern that was documented in all three studies, as well as a non-trivial effect of limited feedback in Study 3: When feedback was limited to the obtained payoff, the participants from Taiwan exhibited less risk aversion than the Israeli. Analysis of the “expecting more changes in the East” hypothesis reveals mixed results. This hypothesis was supported in Study 2, which examined relatively complex multi-alternative multi-outcome tasks, but not in Studies 1 and 3, which examined simple two-alternative two-outcome choice tasks. A possible explanation for the different predictive value of the two examined hypotheses is discussed.     

梁实秋事件：抗战议题设置与“学术民主”的缺失

梁实秋事件得出的教训,除了议题设置一方没严格按“学术民主”的程序出牌外,其在大众文化传播学意义上的教训必须深刻检讨。这就是：在大众媒介的强势宣传之下,如果掌控舆论强势的一方对不同意见的另一方面施加强大的政治情绪威慑力,并形成指导性主流压力,那么弱势的一方就会感到恐惧和孤独;由于支持他的人越来越少,于是他就只能面临两种选择：一是被迫放弃自己的意见,向主流意见屈服,一是继续孤独、顽抗下去,最终落荒而逃。     

论张说碑志的新变

在张说现存碑志中,官修碑志为奉敕为三品以上的重臣或皇亲国戚而作,《姚崇碑》为其最为特别之作。该碑在类型化的颂美之外,采用异常简写碑主族出、世系与乡邑,不写亡妻,运用皮里阳秋的笔法暗讽姚崇的孝心等方式表达“微言大义”,使其碑志由注重实用性向偏重文学性转变。私修碑志则是应朋友、亲戚、同僚之请而作,《贞节君碣》为其早年的代表作。该碑运用小说笔法、选择典型细节等方式,使模式化的碑志逐步成为生动形象的人物传记。这些变化体现了张说“实行”“素心”的创作理念,展现出文学性、个性化的特点。     

A temporal correlation function for the association between patient‐reported outcome and clinical endpoints

For clinical trials with multiple endpoints, the primary interest is usually to evaluate the relationship of these endpoints and treatment interventions. Studying the correlation of two clinical trial endpoints can also be of interests. For example, the association between patient‐reported outcome and clinically assessed endpoint could answer important research questions and also generate interesting hypothesis for future research. However, it is not straightforward to quantify such association. In this article, we proposed a multiple event approach to profile such association with a temporal correlation function, visualized by a correlation function plot over time with a confidence band. We developed this approach by extending the existing methodology in recurrent event literature. This approach was shown to be generally unbiased and could be a useful tool for data visualization and inference. We demonstrated the use of this method with data from a real clinical trial. Although this approach was developed to evaluate the association between patient‐reported outcome and adverse events, it can also be used to evaluate the association of any two endpoints that can be translated to time‐to‐event endpoints. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于完善《或有事项》和《资产负债表日后事项》准则的几点建议--yi桩未决诉讼案件引起的思考

从一桩未决诉讼案会计处理的分歧着手,在阐述和分析分歧各方争论过程和适用准则的基础上,提出完善《企业会计准则第13号—或有事项》中关于未决诉讼类或有事项的判断及规范和《企业会计准则第29号—资产负债表日后事项》中关于调整事项及非调整事项的定义及相关解释的建议。     

医疗安全不良事件预警系统的应用探讨

借助医疗质量安全监控系统构建医疗安全不良事件预警模式,在医疗安全不良事件信息收集的基础上,通过系统进行自动定量分析和典型案例定性分析,发布预警信息,从根源上减少医疗安全不良事件的发生,保障医疗质量安全.     

Multivariate tests comparing binomial probabilities, with application to safety studies for drugs

Summary.  In magazine advertisements for new drugs, it is common to see summary tables that compare the relative frequency of several side-effects for the drug and for a placebo, based on results from placebo-controlled clinical trials. The paper summarizes ways to conduct a global test of equality of the population proportions for the drug and the vector of population proportions for the placebo. For multivariate normal responses, the Hotelling T ²-test is a well-known method for testing equality of a vector of means for two independent samples. The tests in the paper are analogues of this test for vectors of binary responses. The likelihood ratio tests can be computationally intensive or have poor asymptotic performance. Simple quadratic forms comparing the two vectors provide alternative tests. Much better performance results from using a score-type version with a null-estimated covariance matrix than from the sample covariance matrix that applies with an ordinary Wald test. For either type of statistic, asymptotic inference is often inadequate, so we also present alternative, exact permutation tests. Follow-up inferences are also discussed, and our methods are applied to safety data from a phase II clinical trial.     

Personality and Life Events as Predictors of Adolescents’ Life Satisfaction: Do Life Events Mediate the Link Between Personality and Life Satisfaction?

This study examined the association among personality traits, life events and life satisfaction, and the underlying pathways from personality traits to life satisfaction. A total of 1,961 adolescents were recruited from 21 secondary schools in Hong Kong. The adolescent version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI-A), the Chinese Adolescent Life Events Checklist (CALEC) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were employed to assess their personality, life events and life satisfaction, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed there was an additional value of the indigenously derived scales of CPAI-A, including the Family Orientation, Harmony and Ren-Qing scales, in predicting life satisfaction beyond the universal personality traits. Results also indicated that there was a partial mediation effect of negative life events on personality traits in the prediction of life satisfaction.     

刘次庄《乐府集》及其题解批评

北宋初、中期的乐府诗批评,以刘次庄的《乐府集》最为著名。刘次庄的《乐府集》与《乐府集序解》为一书二题之合刻,前者收"止于陈、隋人"的古乐府21类428首,后者的"序解"是对428首乐府诗所作的题解。刘次庄于"序解"中,不仅主张乐府诗创作应"得意外之趣"、"不以辞害意"、"不与古人同圈模",并且还以"作是诗"云云,形成了乐府诗题解论评的一种批评范式。"序解"从内容到形式,是北宋初、中期乐府诗批评渐趋成熟与完善的标志。     

Income mobility among the elderly in Sweden during the 1990s

Using a large panel dataset, this article investigates the degree of, and explanatory factors for, income mobility amongst the elderly in Sweden during the 1990s. It contributes to literature on welfare indicators for the older population as it supplements the welfare picture of the income adequacy with insights into income certainty during old age. Our methodological approach is to work with the administrative register data for Sweden, and this allows us to use a reliable record of incomes for a large sample of the elderly. Results for Sweden-born and foreign-born elderly persons are analysed separately and compared with corresponding groups of people of working age. Not surprisingly, nearly all of our results indicate that the income of the older population is more stable than that of the working age population, and upward income mobility is not as usual among the elderly as among other groups. The multivariate regression analyses identify several explanatory factors affecting those elderly who experienced income mobility. Most importantly, the death of a spouse increases the probability of downward income mobility, particularly amongst women. These and other findings of this research point to triggers of income poverty in old age that should be taken into account in policies concerned with the level and indexation of retirement income of future pensioners.