What explains frontline workers' views on poverty? A comparison of three types of welfare sector institutions

The study analysed views on poverty among Finnish frontline workers in three welfare sector institutions. Two different institutional logics, universal and selective, and two sectors, the public and the voluntary, were represented. A nationwide survey among social security officials, municipal social workers and diaconal workers was utilised (N = 2,124). The methods applied included factor analysis, the examination of means and multivariate analysis of variance. Frontline workers were found to support structural reasons for poverty regardless of institutional affiliation. Analyses, however, also revealed significant differences between the institutions, but not of the kind expected. Social security officials, working in a universal institution, were less likely to endorse structural factors and more likely to endorse individualistic poverty explanations than were social and diaconal workers. Type of education and personal political ideology, respectively, were also found to be of significant importance for poverty perceptions, independent of institutional logic.     

The Asiatic Mode of Production in World History Perspective： From a Universal to a Particularistic View of History

关于马克思“亚细亚生产方式”的讨论,实质是普遍史观和特殊史观的关系问题。马克思立足于世界历史的视角,对亚细亚生产方式的思考和建构,经历了一个从普遍史观到特殊史观的过程;而从俄国革命所提供的“俄国道路”与“俄国方式”到斯大林的社会发展“五形态说”,恰恰经历了一个从特殊史观到普遍史观的回归。在建构中国史观的过程中,中国历史发展模式和现实发展经验、马克思社会形态理论和晚年东方社会思想以及俄国十月革命所开启的“俄国道路”和“体制嬗变”是三个不可或缺的重要元素。     

观念的自然——论董仲舒的神学宇宙图式

董仲舒褪去战国以来阴阳五行观念的感性具体内涵,由天赋予其情感化、伦理化的色彩,使之蛮横地越过自然概念的边界,成为建构具有神圣合法依据的,包揽从精神到物质、从人事到自然的统一的相互联系的和彼此影响的遵循"天"意的一体化世界的纲领性概念。这个以天地为轮廓、五行为间架、阴阳为运行于其中的两种力量的宇宙图式,目的不是认识自然把握自然,它精细地梳理人与社会、人与人、人与自然的关系,厘定现实世界的君臣、夫妇、父子、长幼、尊卑秩序,让张扬道德理想的先秦原始儒学成为可践履的政治哲学。     

影响墨子战争观形成的几个因素

墨子战争观的内容十分丰富,主要集中在《墨子.非攻》中。笔者从墨子＂尊天事鬼＂的哲学观、战国时代的社会现实以及墨子本人的阶级立场等三个方面,对墨子＂非攻＂战争观形成进行了探讨。并认为他的战争观,不仅与当前的＂和平解决＂国际争端的思想相一致,还为＂消霸权主义＂提供崭新视角,更有力地批判了和平主义思潮,具有较强的现实意义。     

道德规范可普遍化研究

道德规范可普遍化是指它可适用于境况、条件、范围相同的各种个案事实。道德规范可普遍化隶属于价值判断可普遍化。代表越多人群利益的道德规范,其可普遍化范围越广。任何道德规范都有例外。要正确适用道德规范,就必须把握住它的适用条件和范围,排除其例外情况。     

Density Estimation by Total Variation Penalized Likelihood Driven by the Sparsity ℓ1 Information Criterion

Abstract. We propose a non‐linear density estimator, which is locally adaptive, like wavelet estimators, and positive everywhere, without a log‐ or root‐transform. This estimator is based on maximizing a non‐parametric log‐likelihood function regularized by a total variation penalty. The smoothness is driven by a single penalty parameter, and to avoid cross‐validation, we derive an information criterion based on the idea of universal penalty. The penalized log‐likelihood maximization is reformulated as an ?₁‐penalized strictly convex programme whose unique solution is the density estimate. A Newton‐type method cannot be applied to calculate the estimate because the ?₁‐penalty is non‐differentiable. Instead, we use a dual block coordinate relaxation method that exploits the problem structure. By comparing with kernel, spline and taut string estimators on a Monte Carlo simulation, and by investigating the sensitivity to ties on two real data sets, we observe that the new estimator achieves good L ₁ and L ₂ risk for densities with sharp features, and behaves well with ties.     

A disarmingly simple idea? Practical bottlenecks in the implementation of a universal basic income

This article considers the implementation of a universal basic income, a neglected area in basic income research. We identify and examine three important practical bottlenecks that may prevent a basic income scheme from attaining the universal reach desired and proclaimed by its advocates: i) maintaining a population‐wide cadaster of eligible claimants ensuring full takeup; ii) instituting robust modalities of payment that reach all intended beneficiaries; and iii) designing an effective oversight mechanism in a policy context that actively opposes client monitoring. We argue that the implementation of universal basic income faces unique challenges that its proponents must consider carefully.     

马克思恩格斯对思辨“秘密”的剖析及其启示

马克思恩格斯通过对唯心主义思辨哲学颠倒“普遍和特殊”关系这一错误思维方式的剖析,阐明了“普遍与特殊”的辩证关系：普遍来自于特殊,并通过特殊表现出来.科学把握“普遍和特殊”的辩证关系原理,对于识破“普世价值”的理论谬误、推进社会主义核心价值体系建设有重要启迪.     

2010年以来我国民办学前教育政策的价值取向分析

对2010年以来我国民办学前教育政策40份文本进行分析,发现民办学前教育政策的文本具有鲜明的以儿童发展为本和提升幼儿园教育质量的直接价值与“解决入园难”的间接价值,还重视其应然价值,但普及学前教育、提高毛入园率的实然价值的实现仍然“任重而道远”,还彰显出普惠性的显性价值,并体现出教育公益与公平的隐性价值。为此,要努力达到这三对价值的统一。     

“高龄津贴”制度探析与我国普惠型福利模式的选择

适度普惠型福利模式是中国全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会的制度选择。从国内外"老年津贴"的实施现状入手,在梳理了不同社会福利模式的划分依据和分析了传统文化与具体国情后,对中国财政能力进行了估算,提出了中国应建立和完善适度普惠型的"高龄津贴"制度,在此基础上构建适度普惠型的社会福利制度。在此过程中,政府应该成为责任主体,同时,也须要引导民众的正确认识,鼓励企业积极承担社会责任,完善社会福利机构和慈善事业。