韧性城市治理体系的构建困境与对策

在现代社会中,快速的城市化进程以及日益严峻的复合型灾害风险,使得传统城市安全治理体系与模式已无法满足需求,韧性治理理念逐渐引起重视。韧性城市治理体系具有健全的城市规划和设计、跨部门合作与协调、公众参与及社会创新、敏锐的风险识别力,以及快速的环境适应和恢复能力等特征。我国韧性城市治理体系构建面临城市建设规划有待升级、城市应急管理体系有待完善、城市空间结构有待优化、城市承载能力有待提升等问题。应升级建设规划,优化韧性城市空间结构;加强基础设施韧性,完善城市应急管理体系;加强生态系统韧性,提升城市承载能力;加强经济和社会韧性,提升城市综合治理水平,以建立完善的韧性城市治理体系。     

城市停车产业化的投资激励机制探索

城市停车难已经成为制约城市治理的重要问题,停车产业化是解决城市停车难题的重要路径。停车产业化应明确界定政府、市场和社会之间的边界,加强城市停车供给侧结构性改革。增加停车供给可以通过政府机制或市场机制来实现,但市场机制具有天然的优势。当前,要积极发挥市场机制在资源配置中的决定性作用,积极推进停车资源的市场化供给;根据停车资源产业化、民营化和专业化的基本要求,积极营造良好的停车市场投资环境,鼓励民间资本的市场化经营;以民间资本的投资经营利润为激励机制,构建有利于停车资源时空配置的合理价格体系。     

异质性产业集聚对城市创新发展能力的影响

城市创新圈是创新要素的高聚集、高密度的创新系统。本研究尝试将产业集聚和数字经济同时纳入城市创新发展能力的分析框架,基于中国2005—2020年262个地级市面板数据,通过理论分析与GMM模型实证检验相结合,讨论产业集聚对城市创新发展能力的影响。主要结论如下：产业集聚均对城市创新有着正向的促进作用,并且促进效果顺序是制造业集聚大于协同集聚,生产性服务业集聚排在最后。异质性检验表明,在产业集聚对城市创新的影响中,南方地区城市均表现显著的促进作用,北方地区城市则只有制造业集聚对城市创新存在显著的促进作用。数字经济只在制造业集聚对城市创新的促进作用中发挥正向调节作用,在生产性服务业集聚和协同集聚对城市创新的影响中均发挥出负向调节作用。     

我国人口老龄化的城乡差异及影响因素分析

人口的乡—城转移导致了老龄化城乡倒置现象,人口的单向跨区域流动也造成了我国大范围的地区年龄结构失衡,对我国的经济社会可持续发展造成威胁。基于2010—2019年大陆31个省市的面板数据,以人口老龄化系数为被解释变量,分别构建固定效应和随机效应模型,从人口、经济、社会三个方面研究我国城镇、农村人口老龄化和城乡倒置现象的影响因素以及三类因素在东、中、西部地区的不同表现。结果显示,人口因素是老龄化城乡差异的直接原因,经济因素是根本原因,教育、医疗、社会保障等社会因素在城乡、区域之间影响不一。为此,政府应当增强生育支持力度以提高生育率,推动城乡一体化发展,推动农村地区的养老服务建设,并鼓励区域的联动合作,以缓解老龄化集聚地区的人口压力。     

作为公共产品的城市管理--以无锡市为个案

城市管理是城市政府的主要职能,是城市政府为城市社会提供的最主要的公共产品之一。传统理念和体制下,城市管理公共产品供给模式效率十分低下,已不能适应城市发展的形势。在现代公共管理及公共产品供给理论框架内考察城市管理,不失为一种新的视角,是探索城市政府职能转变、城市管理体制创新的有效途径,有利于改善城市政府治理能力,整体推进城市社会的全面进步。     

Australia’s national urban policy: The smart cities agenda in perspective

The Australian Government's attempts at national urban policy have been sporadic and inconsistent, under the constraints of constitutional, financial, ideological and political factors. This paper concerns the recent resurgence of national urban policy under the rubric of “smart cities” adopted by the Turnbull Government and carried on by the incumbent Morrison Government. It investigates how this round of smart cities agenda articulates with Australia's political tradition of national urban policy to seek continuity and change, through comparing historical policies, unpacking major smart cities programmes, identifying explanatory factors and critically commenting on its innovation and legacy. Drawing upon these analyses, this paper argues that understanding the smart cities agenda needs to move beyond the political, ideological “to-and-fro” pendulum to national urban policy observed in history. Rather, it resonates with a globalised policy norm established upon the city-based global integration and competition, driven by an imperative of transitioning to a knowledge economy and pursuing innovation capacity. It is too early to judge whether the smart cities agenda will bring changes to Australian cities in the way it wishes, since it involves long-term infrastructure investment and urban development projects. However, a comprehensive and consistent national urban policy to govern the Australian system of cities and towns has not been established yet.     

A new tool for urban governance or just rhetoric? The case of participatory budgeting in Taipei City

Increasing interest in participatory budgeting has been observed in local governments around the world. This paper stresses direct citizen participation in the budgeting process leads to good governance, deepens democracy and improves social justice, while also highlighting some challenges in its efficiency and effectiveness. Unlike participatory budgeting, the Sub-borough Chiefs Forum is a community-based representative democratic mechanism; it could be regarded as a form of participatory budgeting in a broad sense. If so, then did the Taipei programme simply duplicate the goals of the Forum or lead to a better governance by making up for the inadequacies of the Chiefs Forum? To find out whether the Taipei participatory budgeting programme made a difference, we carried out qualitative and quantitative comparisons of projects passed under the participatory budgeting process and at the Forum. We also interviewed several participatory budgeting participants and sub-borough chiefs. The findings suggested that participatory budgeting and the Forum generated different proposals and budget requests, and the Taipei programme supplemented the shortcomings of the Forum and therefore led to deeper civic engagement and better urban governance.     

数字经济对城乡居民收入差距影响研究——兼论城镇化的门槛效应

数字经济为缩小居民收入差距带来了新机遇,而“数字鸿沟”又可能引发新的贫富差距。研究数字经济对城乡居民收入差距的影响,对于认识和缩小差距,实现共同富裕具有重要意义。文章基于2011—2020年31个省域面板数据,通过构建静态、动态面板模型及门槛模型,分析数字经济对城乡居民收入差距的影响。研究发现:省域层面上,数字经济显著缩小城乡居民收入差距,且该影响具有单一门槛效应。在城镇化水平较低时,数字经济对城乡收入差距的影响不显著;当城镇化水平越过门槛值,数字经济水平显著影响城乡收入差距的缩小。异质性分析发现,我国南北地区呈现出不同的效应,北方省份城乡收入差距受数字经济水平影响较小,而南方较大。     

贵州民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移之思考

农村剩余劳动力转移是建设新农村的必然要求和结果,我国新农村建设的进程,就是农业人口逐步向非农业转移的过程。协调农村经济发展是解决民族地区农村剩余劳动力的一项重大决策创新。加入WTO后,我省民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移的形势更加严峻。因此,我们必须在城乡协调发展的思路下,坚持农村城市化、农村工业化、农业产业化、农民知识化、农民转移组织化等“五化”联动,促进民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移,为建设新农村起推动作用。     

Testing an Integrative Contextual Career Development Model With Adolescents From High‐Poverty Urban Areas

Variations in the economic recovery rate across the United States have led to even greater chasms that separate the employed, unemployed, and underemployed (DeSilver, 2017 ). Therefore, understanding and supporting the career development of future generations is critical—especially for those who live outside the context of social privilege. The authors examined the applicability of the integrative contextual model of career development (ICM; Lapan, 2004 ) to a sample of 220 adolescents (129 boys, 91 girls) from a high‐poverty urban area. Results indicated that a canonical variate comprising foundational ICM skills (e.g., career exploration, goal setting) predicted a variate composed of ICM outcomes (e.g., self‐efficacy, vocational identity), thus supporting the usefulness of the ICM framework for this population. The skill of setting viable career goals was an especially strong predictor of outcomes. Implications for career counseling with adolescents living in high‐poverty urban areas and directions for future research are discussed.