现代城市广场的设计理念及原则

从"理性"原则层次定位角度,结合哲学、文化、历史背景及现代主义建筑和广场理论来探讨现代城市广场理论,从城市广场的历史演变中来阐述广场的规划和设计的特殊性并分析了当代城市广场理论和设计的指导原则。     

中国的城乡差距:原因反思与政策调整

中国的城乡差距已经到达一个令人不安的水平。这是由多种因素造成的。生产力分布的特点和市场机制的作用客观上决定了农村在城乡关系中的弱势地位,但不适当的制度和政策同样是重要原因,而且更值得我们去审视和检讨。必须统筹城乡经济社会发展,改革计划经济体制下形成的城乡分治的各种制度,重点突破制约"三农"问题的体制性矛盾和结构性矛盾,加速农村工业化和城市化进程,促进农民向非农领域的就业转移,积极推动城乡融合。只有这样,才能不断地缩小以致最终消除城乡差距。     

Editorial—On the role of the humanities in urban ecology: The case of St. Petersburg

Urban ecology is increasingly interdisciplinary, with biophysical and social scientists joining forces to study how human and built environments and processes interact with non-human nature. Humanistic disciplines that study high culture and intellectual currents also bear upon urban ecology, since cities are not simply aggregates of human and non-human factors but seats of civilization and loci of concentrated creative energy. The Russian city of St. Petersburg, which Dostoevsky called the most abstract and intentional city in the world, offers an example of the way individual acts of intellectual and artistic creation affect the energy balance of a city and its interaction with ecological forces. Such concentrated creative energy may be a key to making cities sustainable, and it should not remain outside the calculus of urban ecology.     

Restoring complex vegetation in urban settings: The case of tidal freshwater marshes

Tidal freshwater marshes have diverse plant communities that vary spatially and temporally due to hydrology, animal activity, and other factors. Development of urban centers along rivers of the U.S. Atlantic coast has reduced the historic extent and quality of these and other coastal wetlands. Because the vegetation of these wetlands is more complex than that of salt and brackish marshes (where restoration of vegetation typical of natural systems has sometimes been successful), restoration of tidal freshwater marsh vegetation is likely to be more difficult, particularly in urban areas. Watershed urbanization alters hydrology, sediment load, propagule availability and composition, nutrient status, and other variables that together create an environment different from that of wetlands in less developed areas, possibly precluding restoration of typical marsh vegetation. Tidal freshwater wetlands were historically extensive along the Anacostia River in Washington, DC, but most of these were lost due to filling, dredging, or hydrologic alteration. Over the last decade, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has implemented projects designed to restore tidal freshwater wetlands along the Anacostia, which involved increasing elevation with dredged river sediment and planting native vegetation. To illustrate some of the mechanisms affecting vegetation development in restored tidal freshwater marshes in urban areas, I present a case study on one of these wetlands, Kingman Marsh, that also includes research at another restored wetland and two natural reference sites. Studies by my research groups indicate that the restored wetlands undergo essentially a planting-modified process of primary succession. Low densities of seeds are initially present in the substrate, and prolific seed dispersal into the restored sites results in high initial plant diversity comprised of plantings and ruderal (i.e. weedy) natives and exotics. Seed banks develop rapidly at the restored sites, probably due to colonization and early reproduction by ruderal species. Hydrology and disturbance by non-native animals (including resident Canada goose) are important variables controlling establishment of vegetation in these systems. Recent literature and the case study indicate that the environmental conditions of urban settings impose constraints in restored wetlands that result in plant communities more like those of urban natural wetlands than those of wetlands in less urbanized watersheds. This suggests that rather than design wetland restoration projects with the goal of creating pristine wetland vegetation, restorationists must identify, accept, and if possible capitalize on the ecological constraints of the urban environment in setting achievable and desirable restoration goals.     

1948年前后土改中的工商业问题

194 7年 10月开始的解放区新一轮土改 ,是一场强大的社会动员 ,为解放战争提供了巨大的物质力量。土改中发生了破坏工商业的严重“左”倾错误 ,有三个方面的原因。当年 12月开始的纠“左” ,不仅制止了继续“左”倾 ,也为强化政策观念 ,保护工商业 ,平稳接管城市 ,作了必要的思想和政治准备     

厦门城市林业定位研究

随着城市环境问题日益严重 ,人们开始追求理想的城市模式 ,城市林业应运而生。城市林业是厦门生态城市建设的基本框架 ,根据厦门城市发展的特点 ,为其城市林业进行了较为明确的定位 ,确定出近期和未来10年的发展目标 ,为厦门市建设森林城市提供理论依据。     

"后新时期"城市小说情感模式研究

"后新时期"城市小说的一个重要情感模式是"反抗城市".它体现了某种与西方当代文学的共有主题,并构成这一时期城市小说的主要审美内容,这一情感模式在具体创作中又分别体现为"走出城市社会"、"反抗制作世界"、"选择桑丘·潘沙"等子模式.     

新都市文学创作特征综论

20世纪 80— 90年代出现的“新都市文学” ,其创作人数、作品的数量均达到了相当的规模 ,但却始终没有出现精品大作 ,也没有成为世纪之交的文学的主导。经过归纳、概括和总结发现“新都市文学”有如下的优点和不足 :一、个人化写作与平面化叙事 ,但过于生活化、经验化 ,缺乏文学的历史感和思想的复杂性 ;二、欲望与异化这两大主题 ,虽然造就了新都市文化 ,但缺乏开阔的发展视野与胸怀 ,成为新都市文学的局限 ;三、人物形象的系列化、类型化 ,虽然刻画了都市新人类形象 ,但也正是缺乏深刻性的表现 ;四、创作方法上虽然对后现代主义采用了容纳和吸收的态度 ,但后现代主义的“不确定性” ,导致了事实与虚构、现实与幻想的混淆不清 ;五、新都市文学这一特殊历史背景和文化的内涵中的产物 ,也只能是这场城市化运动中的神话讲述 ,似乎多了时代性 ,而少了历史性和文化性。     

我国城市化可持续发展战略及对策

分析了我国城市化发展的基本特征,比较了我国的城市化发展水平同世界部分国家城市化水平的差距,阐述了城市化对国民经济发展的作用,指出不能依靠控制城市规模的办法来防止"城市病",提出了我国可持续发展城市化的战略构想.     

我国城乡老年人口生活质量比较研究

老年人口的核心问题是生活质量问题,对老年人口主观幸福感的关注有助于提高老年人口的生活质量.基于杭州市城乡老年人口主观幸福感的调查研究发现,城市老年人比农村老年人具有更强烈的主观幸福感.子女孝顺是影响城市和农村老年人主观幸福感的最主要因素;经济状况、对社区工作满意度、婚姻、性别等也是共同影响因素,但影响程度在城市和农村间存在差异.此外,在城市模型中,自我照料程度、子女个数等个人特征因素对老年人主观幸福感影响显著;在农村模型中,经济来源、对权益受侵害后的处理方式等经济和社会保障因素对老年人主观幸福感影响显著.总之,城乡老年人对提高生活质量的需求不同,城市老年人已侧重于对精神的需求,而农村老年人首先还需要物质的满足.