民族地区城市流动儿童入学准备水平测评与干预——以贵州省为例

在新型城镇化背景下,民族地区城市流动儿童入学准备具有其特殊性,相关问题亟待研究和解决。通过随机和分层抽样法,在贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州、黔南布依族苗族自治州和黔西南布依族苗族自治州等三个少数民族自治州选取100名学龄前流动儿童及21名学龄前非流动儿童作为被试,进而运用儿童入学准备综合测评工具对被试进行逐一测评。研究结果表明:非流动组和流动组儿童入学准备水平总分(M非流动组=40.95±6.88,M流动组=31.17±8.96),即非流动组入学准备水平总分高于流动组儿童。在入学准备的5个方面测试上,流动组在动作技能维度总分略高于非流动组,且不存在显著性差异;而在学习方式、认知与一般认知、情绪与社会性、言语能力等4个维度,流动组均低于非流动组且存在显著性差异或边缘显著。针对民族地区城市流动儿童入学准备中存在的问题,需加强社会各界的关注与扶持,充分利用家庭资源,坚持普及学前教育,持续推进普惠性幼儿园建设进程,完善学前教育入学准备评估体系。     

节水生产行为、非农就业与农户收入溢出

将劳动力要素配置纳入分析框架是厘清粮食节水生产行为收入溢出机制的关键。基于河北、山东、河南540个粮食种植户调查数据,运用工具变量分位数、中介效应和门槛回归模型分析农户节水生产行为的收入溢出机制及异质性。研究表明：节水生产行为能够显著提升农户收入,且农业增收效应大于要素替代效应;节水生产行为的农业增收效应随农业收入水平提升而递增,即“马太效应”,其非农增收效应随非农收入水平提升而递减,即“重心转变效应”;本地非农就业在节水生产行为增收效应中发挥中介作用,外出务工部分遮掩了节水生产行为的收入提升效果;节水生产行为的增收效应随本地非农就业比例增加而上升,随外出务工比例提高而下降。因此,建议完善粮食节水生产的政策扶持与市场机制,引导非农劳动力合理有序就业,强化农村人力资本积累,进而推动农户持续增收。     

农户兼业对秸秆还田技术采纳的影响机制及效应分析——基于冀皖鄂1150份农户调查数据的实证

基于河北、安徽、湖北三省1150份农户的实地调查数据,采用倾向得分匹配法构建“反事实”框架,探讨了农户兼业对秸秆还田技术采纳的影响效应,并进一步验证了其中介效应及务工距离的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）相比纯农户,兼业户更倾向于采纳秸秆还田技术;（2）农户兼业通过风险分担间接影响秸秆还田技术采纳,间接影响占比为24.43%;（3）当纯农户选择在乡内务工时,秸秆还田技术采纳率会提高15.0%,选择在县内乡外务工时,兼业对农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为没有显著性影响,但当纯农户选择省内县外务工时,秸秆还田技术采纳率提高了9.2%,选择省外务工时秸秆还田技术采纳率提高了10.0%。因此,为更好促进秸秆还田技术推广,政府部门应该引导和鼓励农户就近务工,保障农村劳动力就业质量,培育和支持农机社会化服务组织并加强对秸秆还田技术的指导和培训。     

数字经济与城市群协同发展：基于夜间灯光数据的研究

准确认识数字经济与城市群协同发展的关系,有利于拓展数字经济影响的评估视角,也为发挥数字经济和区域一体化的融合倍增效应提供有益思路。研究发现,数字经济时代城市群辐射带动区域协同发展的步伐正在加快,数据要素跨域流通打破了城市群内部和城市群之间的市场分割,助推城市群边界的有效扩大。数字经济促进城市群协同发展主要通过两个作用机制,一是推动创新主体跨城市跨区域进行合作创新,促进城市协同创新网络发育壮大;二是提升城市空间集中度,增强邻近空间范围内的城市要素集聚能力。数字经济的网络性、跳跃性及外部性特征放大了中心城市对外围城市的辐射带动作用和空间溢出效应,因此构建与数字经济相匹配的区域一体化协调机制和要素统筹配置机制正当其时。     

过度旅游的综合评价方法及其实证研究

针对过度旅游对旅游目的地造成紊乱的问题,对过度旅游的成因及危害进行总结分析,利用统计数据确定综合旅游密度、旅游强度、民宿密度3项判断过度旅游状态的指标,并将3项指标分数之和作为评价过度旅游的指标值; 使用Zipf分布双对数图与H/T断裂点法确定数据等级划分方式,采用定距分数累加方式建立过度旅游综合评价方法; 利用国内外代表性旅游城市的数据进行了实证分析,验证了所建立综合评价方法的可行性。研究认为,过度旅游综合评价分数给出了旅游目的地过度旅游程度的相对顺序,能够推测各样本过度旅游风险所对应的要素,为制定过度旅游对应政策的优先级提供参考; 在样本城市中,国外过度旅游目的地注重流量管控、征收旅游税等三四级对策,而中国过度旅游目的地注重景区保护和流量管控等二三级对策,尽管国内样本城市旅游服务负荷已高于部分发达国家,但未出现排斥游客的过度旅游现象; 国内仍需要利用经济手段避免部分地区的旅游业依赖,升级城市景区保护为城市全域保护,适时推进旅游税政策。     

Origins and destinies: Immigration to the United States since World War II

Contemporary immigration to the United States and the formation of new ethnic groups are the complex and unintended social consequences of the expansion of the nation to its post-World War II position of global hegemony. Immigrant communities in the United States today are related to a history of American military, political, economic, and cultural involvement and intervention in the sending countries, especially in Asia and the Caribbean Basin, and to the linkages that are formed in the process that open a variety of legal and illegal migration pathways. The 19.8 million foreign-born persons counted in the 1990 U.S. census formed the largest immigrant population in the world, though in relative terms, only 7.9% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, a lower proportion than earlier in this century. Today's immigrants are extraordinarily diverse, a reflection of polar-opposite types of migrations embedded in very different historical and structural contexts. Also, unlike the expanding economy that absorbed earlier flows from Europe, since the 1970s new immigrants have entered an hourglass economy with reduced opportunities for social mobility, particularly among the less educated, and new waves of refugees have entered a welfare state with expanded opportunities for public assistance. This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity. A typology of contemporary immigrants is presented, and their patterns of settlement, their distinctive social and economic characteristics compared to major native-born racial-ethnic groups, and their different modes of incorporation in—and consequences for—American society are considered.     

Asian Women,Job Training and the Social Organization of Immigrant Labor Markets

This paper examines the entry of Asian immigrant women into a gendered labor market via government-funded job training programs. The focus is on the intake processing of clients into an employment training program operated by a community based organization. The study reveals that women's family responsibilities and the cultural capital they bring function to screen them into or out of training programs and ultimately shape their location in the workforce. The study thus draws attention to how race, class, and gender enter into the organization of Asian immigrant women into the labor market. This investigation is based in institutional ethnography (Smith 1987), a research strategy which displays how activities in a particular setting are coordinated with more extended forms of social organization. The study shows that the overriding concern with successful placement in a job as mandated by government regulations is a critical factor in selecting the women for these programs.     

Contextualizing the Employment Decisions of New Mothers

This paper suggests that the employment behavior and stated preferences of new mothers are not simply a product of choices that individual women make or characteristics that they have. Rather, using qualitative interview data from a sample of new parents, this paper illustrates some of the interactional and institutional contexts in which new mothers' approaches to paid work are embedded, with a particular focus on gender. Among the themes explored are the influence of husbands' preferences on women's decisions, the role of economic processes in structuring parenting arrangements, as well as the prominence of gendered cultural imagery in new parents' accounts about their work and family arrangements.     

委托-代理下人力资源有效激励模式与退出机制设计

在假定产出可以观测的条件下,首先比较员工素质信息是完全信息和非对称信息下不同产出差异,再讨论基于利润分享激励模式下不同激励效应,最后设计出根据员工自愿选择策略而实现的企业存优弃劣的有效退出机制.     

基于ROS平台的机械臂精确控制研究

基于我国东部农民工城市创业数据的分析,考察农民工城市创业历程（包括初次创业和调查时点的此次创业）是否受其人力资本的影响。结果表明：人力资本对于农民工进入初次创业与进入此次创业转折点均有显著影响。由此,应尽快制定与完善相关政策（包括加强学历教育、职业教育与创业教育等）,帮助农民工开启城市创业,并促使创业者尽快实现由生存型创业向发展型创业的转化。