论民族关系的本质及其奋斗目标

从世界范围来讲,多民族共处是一种普遍而广泛的现象,所以谋求和谐、共生的民族关系是多民族国家处理民族问题的奋斗目标,当然对民族关系本质的充分认识应当是讨论其奋斗目标的逻辑起点.文章认为民族关系的本质就是民族共同体的利益需求,从这个实质出发,谋求和谐的民族关系的途径就是发展,即寻求民族自身利益的最大化与族际间共同利益的最大化的并举与统一.在这一过程中应将"政治化"与"文化化"的两种政策导向多样化地运用在构建多民族国家和谐民族关系的实践中.     

制度变迁过程的历史沉淀成本效应分析

在新古典完全竞争市场理论——历史沉淀成本决策无关性的假设前提背景下,从未来不确定性、信息不完全和财务预算约束等角度考察历史沉淀成本对制度变迁过程的影响,为制度变迁过程确立一个新的分析视角,从而弥补了原有研究的不足。在现实经济生活中,市场不完全是常态,有限理性、交易成本、信息不完全和环境不确定性等因素普遍存在,历史沉淀成本很容易发挥作用,从而表明:未来越不确定,信息越不完全,资源越稀缺,导致财务预算越硬,历史沉淀成本效应越大,制度变迁过程越困难;反之越容易。由此可发现,在放松完全竞争市场的假设前提条件下,当事人的决策不可能不受到历史沉淀成本的影响。因此,只有当事人对历史沉淀成本的约束条件作出正确的理性反应,才能使其决策更加贴近真实世界,这对于全面认识制度变迁过程具有重要的理论创新意义和现实指导价值。     

论检察官客观义务之实现

检察官制度是国家为维护法律秩序与社会正义所做的制度安排,从检察官制度的基本法理中就可以引申出检察官的客观义务。现阶段,研究客观义务的关键并非在于承认其存在与否,而在于能否客观地审视此种义务在理想与现实之间的差距。检察官负有的客观义务,是人们对检察官本身的信赖。只有将这种对人的信赖转化为对制度的信赖,才能保证刑事司法制度的正当性以及公众对刑事司法机制的认同,这应该是我们对待客观义务的基本态度     

试论道德理论的层次结构——兼论儒家伦理与西方伦理之比较

本文着重讨论了四种道德学派即:以休谟和斯密为代表的道德感派、以儒家为代表的良知派、以边沁和密尔为代表的最大幸福派和以康德为代表的自由意志派。并从两个方面对道德进行划分:从动机上把道德分为理性的和情感的,从层次上把道德分为功利的和道义的;进而将道德哲学的四大分野即情感主义、理性主义、功利论和道义论纳入一个统一的层次结构。与此同时,对儒家伦理和西方伦理做了较为深入的比较,揭示出二者之间的不同发展路径和互补格局。     

Objective Bayesian analysis of counting experiments with correlated sources of background

Searches for faint signals in counting experiments are often encountered in particle physics and astrophysics, as well as in other fields. Many problems can be reduced to the case of a model with independent and Poisson-distributed signal and background. Often several background contributions are present at the same time, possibly correlated. We provide the analytic solution of the statistical inference problem of estimating the signal in the presence of multiple backgrounds, in the framework of objective Bayes statistics. The model can be written in the form of a product of a single Poisson distribution with a multinomial distribution. The first is related to the total number of events, whereas the latter describes the fraction of events coming from each individual source. Correlations among different backgrounds can be included in the inference problem by a suitable choice of the priors.     

从《教育要旨》和《特定教育纲要》看民初袁世凯政府的教育思想

1915年,袁世凯颁布《教育要旨》和《特定教育纲要》,重定教育宗旨,该宗旨既包含积极的正面建设,也有消极的除弊。结合《教育要旨》和《特定教育纲要》的内容来看,民初袁世凯教育思想具有继承性、务实性和兼容性三个特点。如果抛开政治成见,抽离其中的政治水分,单从技术层面来看,民初袁世凯教育思想中也有可供后人汲取的思想资源。     

紧盯强军目标，大力培育官兵尚武精神

尚武精神是推动国防和军队建设的不竭精神动力。长期的和平环境，在官兵身上不同程度滋生了一些“和平积习”，尚武精神弱化。坚持不懈强化当代革命军人尚武精神，是一项亟待解决的重要课题。当前，紧盯强军目标，大力培育官兵尚武精神，就要坚定信念、铸牢军魂，确立尚武的政治方向；爱军精武、提高素质，锻造尚武的职业品格；依法治军、从严治军，夯实尚武的作风基础。     

目标导向审计理论体系刍议

“审计目标导向”存在着广泛的实践基础与可靠的科学依据。审计目标导向下不同表现形式的审计理论体系(审计对象分野的审计理论体系、审计职能分野的审计理论体系和统一的审计理论体系 )具有客观性 ,审计界应当站在审计科学发展的最高立场上 ,建立适合国家审计、民间审计和内部审计以及财务审计、绩效审计的统一的审计理论体系     

Assessing Engineering Resilience for Systems with Multiple Performance Measures

Recently, efforts to model and assess a system's resilience to disruptions due to environmental and adversarial threats have increased substantially. Researchers have investigated resilience in many disciplines, including sociology, psychology, computer networks, and engineering systems, to name a few. When assessing engineering system resilience, the resilience assessment typically considers a single performance measure, a disruption, a loss of performance, the time required to recover, or a combination of these elements. We define and use a resilient engineered system definition that separates system resilience into platform and mission resilience. Most complex systems have multiple performance measures; this research proposes using multiple objective decision analysis to assess system resilience for systems with multiple performance measures using two distinct methods. The first method quantifies platform resilience and includes resilience and other “ilities” directly in the value hierarchy, while the second method quantifies mission resilience and uses the “ilities” in the calculation of the expected mission performance for every performance measure in the value hierarchy. We illustrate the mission resilience method using a transportation systems‐of‐systems network with varying levels of resilience due to the level of connectivity and autonomy of the vehicles and platform resilience by using a notional military example. Our analysis found that it is necessary to quantify performance in context with specific mission(s) and scenario(s) under specific threat(s) and then use modeling and simulation to help determine the resilience of a system for a given set of conditions. The example demonstrates how incorporating system mission resilience can improve performance for some performance measures while negatively affecting others.     

"非个性化":复杂的悖论--艾略特诗学理论探源

艾略特"非个性化"理论是一个复杂的悖论是对浪漫主义的反拨,更是诗人寻找"客观对应物"而"间接地表现他的个性"的经验之谈.艾略特追求和提倡的是把染有个性的想像转变成无个性的艺术真实."非个性化"悖论蕴涵了个性与非个性即特殊与普遍、复杂与纯一的辩证关系.