Individual and Household Values of Mortality Reductions with Intrahousehold Bargaining

I derive alternative measures of maximum willingness to pay (WTP) and value of statistical life (VSL) for selfish members of two-person households who bargain efficiently over consumption of individual and household goods. There is then no systematic bias in letting one member conduct the valuation on behalf of the household. Public-good VSL may exceed private-good VSL when each member attaches (selfish) preferences to survival of the spouse, and to any income from a surviving spouse in period 2. When period 2 is a retirement period and household members’ incomes are fixed, interview surveys tend to overvalue VSL due to ignored negative effects of own survival on private of public pension budgets.JEL Classification: I12, G22, J17     

Is Transport Safety More Valuable in the Air?

Using a contingent valuation survey, people's willingness to pay for a given risk reduction is found to be much larger, consistently more than two times as large, when traveling by air compared to by taxi. Follow-up questions revealed that an important reason for this discrepancy is that many experience a higher mental suffering from flying, and that they are willing to pay to reduce this suffering. It was also consistently found that people are willing to pay more for a certain risk reduction if the original price was higher. Policy implications are discussed.     

论《三国志演义》的悲剧与悲情

《三国志演义》是一部史诗性的悲剧作品,书中各色人物的悲情倾泻,既加重了作品的悲剧氛围,又冲刷掉了他们身上的神性光环或鬼域色彩,显露出活生生的"人"的鲜明个性,具有独特的审美价值。书中人物悲情与认识内容此呼彼应,珠联璧合;人物悲情与道德观念表里互衬、水乳交融;人物悲情与悲剧题材相辅相成、相得益彰等诸多方面,达到了相当高的艺术境界,具有典范的理论意义。     

精神价值的回归--表现主义的发展及其意义

表现主义不是 2 0世纪的突发现象 ,而是延续数百年的精神传统的表现。表现主义能够在几个世纪中显现出强大的生命力 ,证明了精神始终应该成为支撑艺术的脊梁 ,空间的形式探索必将造成艺术的枯竭     

践履"天人合一"之东方古梦--林甸地热利用的价值学追求

"天人合一"萌芽于原始社会的天人宗教阶段,经奴隶社会的"天王合一"至儒道出现始上升为哲学,主要包括人神杂糅、天人一体、天人合一、人与自然和谐等内容.这一思想从本体论角度论证了人本于自然的道理,目的是在价值论上追求人道符于天道、人和谐于自然.西方过度张扬主体性而产生的贪婪自私与技术的工具理性相结合,激化了天人矛盾,于是"天人合一"中所内蕴的"人与自然和谐"的价值便被开掘出来,并得到中外学者的高度认同.但真理在于应用,知行强调统一,"天人合一"重在践履,林甸依据独有的地热资源,建设绿色城市,追求绿色的未来,即是"天人合一"的一种自觉.环境文明时代,"天人合一"应是一种世界观和方法论.     

社会转型时期的价值冲突与价值导向

当今,我国正处于社会主义市场经济转型时期。人们的价值观念发生了深刻的变化,各种价值矛盾和价值冲突以激烈的方式突出出来,现在我们面临的主要价值冲突有道德与功利、经济发展与环境建设、效率与公平的矛盾等。在现实生活中,人们的价值取向是多元的,此时,建构以马克思主义社会价值观念体系和以社会主义为基本内容的价值导向有利于我国社会的稳定和展。     

“仁”是儒学一以贯之的核心价值

儒学的核心价值,应当是在儒学中出现频度最高,而且可以对其他价值观产生决定和统领作用的范畴,这个核心价值非"仁"莫属。仁的本质是"以己推人"的忠恕之道,用于人际是推己及人、仁者爱人;用于政治是仁政德治、协和万邦;用于自然是仁民爱物、万物一体;用于人的精神世界是约礼入仁、敬而远之。     

从委婉语对比看英汉民族价值观和道德观的不同

英汉民族的历史、政治和思维方式不同,英汉委婉语所反映的价值观和道德观也不一样,通过对比分析英汉委婉语,透析中西方文化差异,可加深对英语文化的了解,学会正确使用英语委婉语,增强跨文化交际能力。     

Effects of Disease Type and Latency on the Value of Mortality Risk

We evaluate the effects of disease type and latency on willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce environmental risks of chronic, degenerative disease. Using contingent-valuation data collected from approximately 1,200 respondents in Taiwan, we find that WTP declines with latency between exposure to environmental contaminants and manifestation of any resulting disease, at a 1.5 percent annual rate for a 20 year latency period. WTP to reduce the risk of cancer is estimated to be about one-third larger than WTP to reduce risk of a similar chronic, degenerative disease. The value of risk reduction also depends on the affected organ, environmental pathway, or payment mechanism: estimated WTP to reduce the risk of lung disease due to industrial air pollution is twice as large as WTP to reduce the risk of liver disease due to contaminated drinking water.     

劳动价值论与我国当前的几个现实问题

马克思的劳动价值理论及人们对它的传统理解与我国社会主义市场经济中的一些重要现实问题产生了矛盾 ,从而引起理论界对劳动价值的再次讨论。在总结当前讨论的主要焦点的基础上 ,得出劳动的形态应从体力劳动为主转向脑力劳动为主 ;劳动具体分类还应区分重复性劳动和创造性劳动的观点。对于价值源泉问题 ,作者在分析比较的基础上 ,概括出四种观点 ,针对劳动价值论与我国现实存在的问题 ,在认真分析了劳动价值论与按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存 ,与科学技术是第一生产力 ,与第三产业的发展 ,与私营经济的发展等问题的矛盾 ,升华出新的观点