顺应论下中文电视访谈中闪避的变异性研究

闪避作为交际策略的一种,在访谈节目中倍受嘉宾亲睐。在此运用Verschueren的顺应论来探讨访谈类电视节目中,闪避策略的变异性。经过研究发现,在电视访谈节目中,嘉宾主要运用的闪避策略能从以下三个特征来体现顺应论的变异性：改换问题的语境;有意地改变谈话的主题;有意地违返格莱斯的方式准则。在实际的访谈中,三者之间并不是泾渭分明,而是互相交织,它们的交织更多地体现在后两个特征的互相贯穿使用上,而且它们互为因果。     

Uncertainty and Variability in Health-Related Damages from Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States

The health‐related damages associated with emissions from coal‐fired power plants can vary greatly across facilities as a function of plant, site, and population characteristics, but the degree of variability and the contributing factors have not been formally evaluated. In this study, we modeled the monetized damages associated with 407 coal‐fired power plants in the United States, focusing on premature mortality from fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). We applied a reduced‐form chemistry‐transport model accounting for primary PM_2.5 emissions and the influence of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions on secondary particulate formation. Outputs were linked with a concentration‐response function for PM_2.5‐related mortality that incorporated nonlinearities and model uncertainty. We valued mortality with a value of statistical life approach, characterizing and propagating uncertainties in all model elements. At the median of the plant‐specific uncertainty distributions, damages across plants ranged from $30,000 to $500,000 per ton of PM_2.5, $6,000 to $50,000 per ton of SO₂, $500 to $15,000 per ton of NO_x, and $0.02 to $1.57 per kilowatt‐hour of electricity generated. Variability in damages per ton of emissions was almost entirely explained by population exposure per unit emissions (intake fraction), which itself was related to atmospheric conditions and the population size at various distances from the power plant. Variability in damages per kilowatt‐hour was highly correlated with SO₂ emissions, related to fuel and control technology characteristics, but was also correlated with atmospheric conditions and population size at various distances. Our findings emphasize that control strategies that consider variability in damages across facilities would yield more efficient outcomes.     

从差异到共识：社会选择如何实现——基于CC市汽车配件市场场地变迁的分析

针对社会选择的不可能性,阿玛蒂亚.森提出的解决方案是扩展信息。在交往实践中不断扩展的信息可以增加理性知识、提高价值认同、有效减少分歧,实现社会选择。现通过对中国东北一个汽车配件市场经营场地变迁的个案研究,区分了具体社会选择过程中信息扩展的两种不同方式,自上而下的线性扩展和交往实践中的圈子扩展,并分别探讨了这两种不同扩展方式的效果,在实践场域中考察人们的选择行为和选择结果。     

Statistical and computational tradeoff in genetic algorithm-based estimation

When a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed in a statistical problem, the result is affected by both variability due to sampling and the stochastic elements of algorithm. Both of these components should be controlled in order to obtain reliable results. In the present work we analyze parametric estimation problems tackled by GAs, and pursue two objectives: the first one is related to a formal variability analysis of final estimates, showing that it can be easily decomposed in the two sources of variability. In the second one we introduce a framework of GA estimation with fixed computational resources, which is a form of statistical and the computational tradeoff question, crucial in recent problems. In this situation the result should be optimal from both the statistical and computational point of view, considering the two sources of variability and the constraints on resources. Simulation studies will be presented for illustrating the proposed method and the statistical and computational tradeoff question.     

地缘战略地位的可变性及其影响

地缘政治理论由于所服务的国家和地缘环境不同,强调的地缘战略重点区域也不同。对地缘政治理论中不时闪现的“环境决定论”和“对抗性”思维的否定过程中,以及从地缘战略地位理论自身的逻辑结构来看,都内在地包含着地缘战略地位可变性的理论思路。对处于不同地缘战略地位的国家来说,重要的是抓住不同时期赋予的机遇。推动国家的发展和促进内部稳定。     

顺应论：文学翻译的一个新视角

文学翻译的过程是译者在目的语认知语境中进行语言选择来阐释源发语文化的过程,这种选择发生在目的语语言任何一个层面上,它包括语言形式和翻译策略的选择。译者之所以能够对目的语语言作出恰当的选择,是因为目的语与源发语同样具有变异性、商讨性和顺应性的特点。翻译中的语境是在翻译过程中译者使用目的语语言阐释源语文化的过程中动态生成的,语境会随着翻译过程的发展而变化。在顺应的过程中,译者必须使自己的翻译行为及思维运作顺应于源发语与目的语双方的认知环境,只有这样,他的译文选择才能确保不同文化之间交际活动得以顺利进行。     

论汉字发展和规范的动态平衡性

汉字作为记录汉语的书写符号系统,其规范和统一既是本身职能的必然要求,也是汉字发展过程中表现出的主流倾向。但是汉字在社会应用层面所产生的差异性,给系统的规范和稳定带来了许多消极影响。规范化要求与变异性之间的对立,既有汉字自身发展的原因,也有外部社会因素影响的原因。汉字系统的发展总体上呈现出在多因素制约下相对平衡、稳定的状态。     

A Systematic Uncertainty Analysis of an Evaluative Fate and Exposure Model

Multimedia fate and exposure models are widely used to regulate the release of toxic chemicals, to set cleanup standards for contaminated sites, and to evaluate emissions in life-cycle assessment. CalTOX, one of these models, is used to calculate the potential dose, an outcome that is combined with the toxicity of the chemical to determine the Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), used to aggregate and compare emissions. The comprehensive assessment of the uncertainty in the potential dose calculation in this article serves to provide the information necessary to evaluate the reliability of decisions based on the HTP A framework for uncertainty analysis in multimedia risk assessment is proposed and evaluated with four types of uncertainty. Parameter uncertainty is assessed through Monte Carlo analysis. The variability in landscape parameters is assessed through a comparison of potential dose calculations for different regions in the United States. Decision rule uncertainty is explored through a comparison of the HTP values under open and closed system boundaries. Model uncertainty is evaluated through two case studies, one using alternative formulations for calculating the plant concentration and the other testing the steady state assumption for wet deposition. This investigation shows that steady state conditions for the removal of chemicals from the atmosphere are not appropriate and result in an underestimate of the potential dose for 25% of the 336 chemicals evaluated.     

中介语可变性研究的两个社会心理模式

介绍中介语研究的两个社会心理模式 ,即拉波夫模式和言语调节理论。大多数中介语的文体变化研究是在拉波夫模式的理论框架内进行的 ,即根据学习者对语言形式的注意程度来研究中介语的文体变化。言语调节理论根据说话人在交谈时对听话人的社会、教育及种族状况的态度来解释中介语的变化     

女性主义文论在中国的发展

经过20多年的探索,中国女性主义文论已基本建构完成,但也存在一些理论盲点或不完善之处,在新的历史条件下,一些学者以一种多视角的姿态,开辟了新的女性主义文论研究领域。